Hongos marinos lignícolas en ecosistemas de manglar Estado del conocimiento y perspectivas de investigación en Ecuador.
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Publicado:
Nov 30, 2020
Palabras clave:
Ascomycota, Manglares, Ecuador, Lista de especies, Hongo marino
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Resumen
Los hongos como descomponedores de materia orgánica y generadores de detritus que nutre a las comunidades que coexisten con ellos, son vitales para el mantenimiento de los ecosistemas; papel que de igual forma realizan en los bosques de manglar. En esta revisión se describe el rol fundamental de estos microorganismos en ecosistemas de manglar, así como su taxonomía y ecología. Además, se realiza un repaso acerca de los vacíos de información existentes sobre la biología de estos en el país y se plantean investigaciones futuras con la finalidad de expandir el conocimiento de los hongos marinos lignícolas en el Ecuador.
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1.
Tamayo Cevallos R. Hongos marinos lignícolas en ecosistemas de manglar: Estado del conocimiento y perspectivas de investigación en Ecuador. REMCB [Internet]. 30 de noviembre de 2020 [citado 19 de abril de 2024];41(2):95-106. Disponible en: https://remcb-puce.edu.ec/remcb/article/view/880
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Artículos de Revisión
Citas
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Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M. 1996. Introductory mycology. 4th ed. New York:John Wiley & Sons.
Alias SA, Jones EG. 2000a. Colonization of mangrove wood by marine fungi at Kuala Selangor mangrove stand, Malaysia. Fungal Diversity, 5, 9-21.
Alias SA, Jones EG. 2000b. Vertical distribution of marine fungi on Rhizophora apiculata at Morib mangrove, Selangor, Malaysia. Mycoscience, 41(5), 431.
Alias SA, Zainuddin N, Jones EG. 2010. Biodiversity of marine fungi in Malaysian mangroves. Botanica Marina, 53(6), 545-554.
Álvarez X. 2011. Aislamiento e identificación de hongos marinos del manglar de Palmar Provincia de Santa Elena, y establecimiento del banco de cepas fúngicas (Tesis de Maestría). Escuela Superior Politécnica Del Litoral, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
Álvarez X, Tamayo R, Almeida D, Robles S, y Moscoso A. 2019. Ascomicetos marinos manglícolas de la reserva ecológica manglares churute. Manglares de América, 68-77.
Ananda K, Sridhar KR. 2004. Diversity of filamentous fungi on decomposing leaf and woody litter of mangrove forests in the southwest coast of India. Current science, 1431-1437.
Arias Cedeño E. 2012. Estado actual de la diversidad de moluscos bivalvos perforadores de madera en la Puntilla de Santa Elena (Salinas). Tesis para optar el grado de Bióloga. Universidad de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
Awaluddin HH, Nor NAM, Nor HM, Sharuddin SS, Pang KL, Mohamad-Fauzi et al. (2015). Biodiversity of marine lignicolous fungi from mangroves of Sulu Sea. MJS, 34(1), 43-57.
Borse BD 1988. Frequency of occurrence of marine fungi from Maharashtra coast, India. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 17: 165-167.
Cornejo X. 2014. Plants of the South American Pacific Mangrove Swamps (Colombia, Ecuador, Perú) Editorial Eduquil. Universidad de Guayaquil.
Cribb AB, Cribb W 1955. Marine fungi from Queensland-I. University of Queensland Papers, Department of Botany 3: 77-81.
Cruz M. 1986. Efectos de los moluscos incrustantes en maderas no tratadas en los puertos de Esmeraldas, Manta, Salinas, Posorja y base naval. (Ecuador). Acta Oceanográfica del Pacífico. INOCAR—Ecuador, 3, 1J.
Cruz M, Torres G y Villamar F. 1989. Estudio Comparativo de los moluscos Bivalvos Perforadores de las Maderas más resistentes (Laurel, Moral, Palo de vaca) y la más “Atacada” (Mangle) en la Costa Ecuatoriana., Acta Oceanográfica del Pacifico. INOCAR. 5 (1): 49-55.
Cruz M. 1992. Moluscos incrustantes de maderas en el mar ecuatoriano. Acta oceanográfica del Pacífico, 7(1), 69-80.
Dayarathne MC, Jones EG, Maharachchikumbura SN, Devadatha B, Sarma VV, Khongphinitbunjong K., ..., Hyde KD. 2020. Morpho-molecular characterization of microfungi associated with marine based habitats. Mycosphere, 11(1), 1-188.
Hamilton SE and Friess DA. 2018. Global carbon stocks and potential emissions due to mangrove deforestation from 2000 to 2012. Nat. Clim. Chang 8(3):240–244.
Hyde KD. 1986. Frequency of occurrence of lignicolous marine fungi in the tropics. In: The Biology of Marine Fungi (ed. S.T. Moss). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK: 311-322.
Hyde KD. and Jones EG. 1988. Marine mangrove fungi. Marine Ecology, 9(1), 15-33.
Hyde KD. 1988a. Observations on the vertical distribution of marine fungi on Rhizophora spp. at Kg. Danau mangrove, Brunei. Asian Marine Biology 5: 77-81.
Hyde KD. 1988b. Studies on the tropical marine fungi of Brunei. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 98: 135-151.
Hyde KD. 1989. Ecology of tropical marine fungi. Hydrobiologia 178: 199-208.
Hyde KD, Jones EG. 1989. Marine fungi from Seychelles VIII. Rhizophila marina, a new ascomycete from mangrove prop roots. Mycotaxon 34: 527-533.
Hyde KD. 1990. A comparison of the intertidal mycota of five mangrove tree species. Asian Marine Biology 7: 93-107.
Hyde KD. 1992a. Intertidal mangrove fungi from the West Coast of Mexico, including one new genus and two new species. Mycological Research 96: 25-30.
Hyde KD. 1992b. The effect of incubation on the occurrence of marine fungi on randomly collected lignocellulose samples. Sydowia, 44, 131-136.
Hyde KD, Chalermpongse A., Boonthavikoon T. (1993). The distribution of intertidal fungi on Rhizophora apiculata. In: The Marine Biology of the South China Sea. Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Marine Biology of Hong Kong and South China Sea, Hong Kong 1990 (ed. B. Morton), University of Hong Kong Press, Hong Kong: 643-652.
Hyde KD, Lee SY. 1995. Ecology of mangrove fungi and their role in nutrient cycling: what gaps occur in our knowledge? Hydrobiologia, 295(1-3), 107-118.
Hyde KD, Jones EG, Leaño E, Pointing SB, Poonyth AD, Vrijmoed LL. 1998. Role of fungi in marine ecosystems. Biodiversity & Conservation, 7(9), 1147-1161.
Hyde KD, Sarma VV, Jones BG. 2000. Morphology and taxonomy of higher marine fungi. In Marine mycology: a practical approach, 172-204.
Hyde KD, Jones EG, Liu JK, Ariyawansa H, Boehm E, Boonmee S, Braun U, Chomnunti P, Crous W, Dong-Qin Dai et al. 2013. Families of dothideomycetes. Fungal diversity, 63(1), 1-313.
Johnson TW, Sparrow FL. 1961. Fungi in oceans and estuaries, J. Cramer, New York.
Jones EG, Uyenco FK, Follosco MP. 1988. Fungi on driftwood collected in the intertidal zone from the Philippines. Asian Marine Biology 5: 103-106.
Jones EG, Hyde KD. 1990. Observations on poorly known mangrove fungi and a nomenclature correction. Mycotaxon 37: 197-201.
Jones EG. 2000. Marine fungi: some factors influencing biodiversity. Fungal Diversity, 4(193), 53-73.
Jones EG, Pilantanapak A, Chatmala I, Sakayaroj J, Phongpaichit S and Choeyklin R. 2006. Thai marine fungal diversity. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 28, 687-708.
Jones EG, Sakayaroj J, Suetrong S, Somrithipol S, Pang KL. 2009. Classification of marine Ascomycota, anamorphic taxa and Basidiomycota. Fungal Diversity, 35(1), 187.
Jones EG. 2011. Are there more marine fungi to be described? Botanica Marina, 54(4), 343-354.
Jones EG, and Pang KL. (Eds.) 2012. Marine fungi: and fungal-like organisms. Walter de Gruyter.
Jones EG, Hyde KD, Pang KL, Suetrong S. 2012. Phylogeny of the Dothideomycetes and other classes of marine Ascomycota. Marine fungi and fungal-like organisms. De Gruyter, Berlin, 17-34
Jones EG, Suetrong S, Sakayaroj J, Bahkali AH, Abdel-Wahab MA, Boekhout T, Pang KL. 2015. Classification of marine ascomycota, basidiomycota, blastocladiomycota and chytridiomycota. Fungal Diversity, 73(1), 1-72.
Kirk PW, Gordon AS. 1988. Hydrocarbon degradation by filamentous marine higher fungi. Mycologia, 80(6), 776-782.
Kohlmeyer J. 1966. Neue Meerespilze on Mangroven. Berichte Deutsche Botanische Gesellschaft 79: 27-37.
Kohlmeyer J. 1969a. Marine fungi from Hawaii including a new genus Helicascus. Canadian Journal of Botany 47: 1469-1487.
Kohlmeyer J. 1969b. Ecological notes on fungi in mangrove forests. Transactions of the British MycoIogical Society 53: 237-250
Kohlmeyer J, Kohlmeyer E. 1971. Marine fungi from tropical America and Africa. Mycologia 63: 831 -86l.
Kohlmeyer J, Kohlmeyer E. 1977. Bermuda marine fungi. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 68: 207-219.
Kohlmeyer J, Kohlmeyer E. (Eds.). 1979. Marine Mycology. The Higher Fungi. New York, San Francisco, London: Academic Press.
Kohlmeyer J. 1980. Tropical and subtropical filamentous fungi of the western Atlantic Ocean. Botanica Marina 23: 529-540.
Kohlmeyer J. 1981. Marine fungi from Martinique. Canadian Journal of Botany 59: 1314-1321.
Kohlmeyer J. 1984. Tropical mangrove fungi. PSZNI Marine Ecology 5: 329-378.
Kohlmeyer J, Bebout B. 1986. On the occurrence of marine fungi in the diet of Littorina angulifera and observations on the behavior of the periwinkle. Marine Ecology, 7(4), 333-343.
Kohlmeyer J, Volkmann-Kohlmeyer B. 1987a. Marine fungi from Aldabra, the Galapagos, and other tropical islands. Canadian Journal of Botany 65: 571-582.
Kohlmeyer J, Volkmann-Kohlmeyer B. 1987b. Marine fungi from Belize with a description of two new genera of ascomycetes. Botanica Marina 30: 195-204.
Kohlmeyer J, Volkmann-Kohlmeyer B. 1988. Ophiodeira gen. nov. (Halosphaeriales) and a survey of higher marine fungi from Saint Croix (Virgin Islands). Canadian Journal of Botany 66: 2062-2067.
Kohlmeyer J and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer B. 1993. Biogeographic observations on Pacific marine fungi. Mycologia 85: 337-346.
Kohlmeyer J, Bebout B, Volkmann‐Kohlmeyer B. 1995. Decomposition of mangrove wood by marine fungi and teredinids in Belize. Marine Ecology, 16(1), 27 39.
Leong WF, Tan TK, Jones EG. (1988). Lignicolous marine fungi of Singapore. Canadian Journal of Botany 66: 2167-2170
Lin Y., Wu X., Deng Z., Wang J., Zhou S., Vrijmoed LP., Jones EG. 2002. The metabolites of the mangrove fungus Verruculina enalia No. 2606 from a salt lake in the Bahamas. Phytochemistry, 59(4), 469-471.
Lugo AE, Snedaker SC 1974. The ecology of mangroves. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 5:39–64
Maria GL, Sridhar KR, Bärlocher F. 2006. Decomposition of dead twigs of Avicennia officinalis and Rhizophora mucronata in a mangrove in southwestern India. Botanica marina, 49(5/6), 450-455.
Maharachchikumbura SS, Hyde KD, Jones EG, McKenzie EH, Bhat JD, Dayarathne MC, Huang SK, Norphanphoun C, Indunil C et al. 2016. Families of sordariomycetes. Fungal Diversity, 79(1), 1-317.
Meyers SP 1968. Observations on the physiological ecology of marine fungi. Bull Misaki Mar Biol Inst Kyoto, 12, 207-225.
Mehdi FS, Saifullah SM. 2000. Species diversity and seasonal occurrence of fungi on seedlings of Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 3(2), 265-268.
Molina FJ, Hughes GC. 1982. The growth of Zalerion maritimum (Linder) Anastasiou in response to variation in salinity and temperature. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 61: 147-156.
Nambiar GR, Raveendran K. 2009a. Manglicolous marine fungi of Kerala, South India. Botany Research International, 2(3), 206-210.
Nambiar GR, Raveendran K. 2009b. Manglicolous marine fungi on Avicennia and Rhizophora along Kerala coast (India). Middle East J Sci Res, 4, 48-51.
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Alias SA, Jones EG. 2000a. Colonization of mangrove wood by marine fungi at Kuala Selangor mangrove stand, Malaysia. Fungal Diversity, 5, 9-21.
Alias SA, Jones EG. 2000b. Vertical distribution of marine fungi on Rhizophora apiculata at Morib mangrove, Selangor, Malaysia. Mycoscience, 41(5), 431.
Alias SA, Zainuddin N, Jones EG. 2010. Biodiversity of marine fungi in Malaysian mangroves. Botanica Marina, 53(6), 545-554.
Álvarez X. 2011. Aislamiento e identificación de hongos marinos del manglar de Palmar Provincia de Santa Elena, y establecimiento del banco de cepas fúngicas (Tesis de Maestría). Escuela Superior Politécnica Del Litoral, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
Álvarez X, Tamayo R, Almeida D, Robles S, y Moscoso A. 2019. Ascomicetos marinos manglícolas de la reserva ecológica manglares churute. Manglares de América, 68-77.
Ananda K, Sridhar KR. 2004. Diversity of filamentous fungi on decomposing leaf and woody litter of mangrove forests in the southwest coast of India. Current science, 1431-1437.
Arias Cedeño E. 2012. Estado actual de la diversidad de moluscos bivalvos perforadores de madera en la Puntilla de Santa Elena (Salinas). Tesis para optar el grado de Bióloga. Universidad de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
Awaluddin HH, Nor NAM, Nor HM, Sharuddin SS, Pang KL, Mohamad-Fauzi et al. (2015). Biodiversity of marine lignicolous fungi from mangroves of Sulu Sea. MJS, 34(1), 43-57.
Borse BD 1988. Frequency of occurrence of marine fungi from Maharashtra coast, India. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 17: 165-167.
Cornejo X. 2014. Plants of the South American Pacific Mangrove Swamps (Colombia, Ecuador, Perú) Editorial Eduquil. Universidad de Guayaquil.
Cribb AB, Cribb W 1955. Marine fungi from Queensland-I. University of Queensland Papers, Department of Botany 3: 77-81.
Cruz M. 1986. Efectos de los moluscos incrustantes en maderas no tratadas en los puertos de Esmeraldas, Manta, Salinas, Posorja y base naval. (Ecuador). Acta Oceanográfica del Pacífico. INOCAR—Ecuador, 3, 1J.
Cruz M, Torres G y Villamar F. 1989. Estudio Comparativo de los moluscos Bivalvos Perforadores de las Maderas más resistentes (Laurel, Moral, Palo de vaca) y la más “Atacada” (Mangle) en la Costa Ecuatoriana., Acta Oceanográfica del Pacifico. INOCAR. 5 (1): 49-55.
Cruz M. 1992. Moluscos incrustantes de maderas en el mar ecuatoriano. Acta oceanográfica del Pacífico, 7(1), 69-80.
Dayarathne MC, Jones EG, Maharachchikumbura SN, Devadatha B, Sarma VV, Khongphinitbunjong K., ..., Hyde KD. 2020. Morpho-molecular characterization of microfungi associated with marine based habitats. Mycosphere, 11(1), 1-188.
Hamilton SE and Friess DA. 2018. Global carbon stocks and potential emissions due to mangrove deforestation from 2000 to 2012. Nat. Clim. Chang 8(3):240–244.
Hyde KD. 1986. Frequency of occurrence of lignicolous marine fungi in the tropics. In: The Biology of Marine Fungi (ed. S.T. Moss). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK: 311-322.
Hyde KD. and Jones EG. 1988. Marine mangrove fungi. Marine Ecology, 9(1), 15-33.
Hyde KD. 1988a. Observations on the vertical distribution of marine fungi on Rhizophora spp. at Kg. Danau mangrove, Brunei. Asian Marine Biology 5: 77-81.
Hyde KD. 1988b. Studies on the tropical marine fungi of Brunei. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 98: 135-151.
Hyde KD. 1989. Ecology of tropical marine fungi. Hydrobiologia 178: 199-208.
Hyde KD, Jones EG. 1989. Marine fungi from Seychelles VIII. Rhizophila marina, a new ascomycete from mangrove prop roots. Mycotaxon 34: 527-533.
Hyde KD. 1990. A comparison of the intertidal mycota of five mangrove tree species. Asian Marine Biology 7: 93-107.
Hyde KD. 1992a. Intertidal mangrove fungi from the West Coast of Mexico, including one new genus and two new species. Mycological Research 96: 25-30.
Hyde KD. 1992b. The effect of incubation on the occurrence of marine fungi on randomly collected lignocellulose samples. Sydowia, 44, 131-136.
Hyde KD, Chalermpongse A., Boonthavikoon T. (1993). The distribution of intertidal fungi on Rhizophora apiculata. In: The Marine Biology of the South China Sea. Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Marine Biology of Hong Kong and South China Sea, Hong Kong 1990 (ed. B. Morton), University of Hong Kong Press, Hong Kong: 643-652.
Hyde KD, Lee SY. 1995. Ecology of mangrove fungi and their role in nutrient cycling: what gaps occur in our knowledge? Hydrobiologia, 295(1-3), 107-118.
Hyde KD, Jones EG, Leaño E, Pointing SB, Poonyth AD, Vrijmoed LL. 1998. Role of fungi in marine ecosystems. Biodiversity & Conservation, 7(9), 1147-1161.
Hyde KD, Sarma VV, Jones BG. 2000. Morphology and taxonomy of higher marine fungi. In Marine mycology: a practical approach, 172-204.
Hyde KD, Jones EG, Liu JK, Ariyawansa H, Boehm E, Boonmee S, Braun U, Chomnunti P, Crous W, Dong-Qin Dai et al. 2013. Families of dothideomycetes. Fungal diversity, 63(1), 1-313.
Johnson TW, Sparrow FL. 1961. Fungi in oceans and estuaries, J. Cramer, New York.
Jones EG, Uyenco FK, Follosco MP. 1988. Fungi on driftwood collected in the intertidal zone from the Philippines. Asian Marine Biology 5: 103-106.
Jones EG, Hyde KD. 1990. Observations on poorly known mangrove fungi and a nomenclature correction. Mycotaxon 37: 197-201.
Jones EG. 2000. Marine fungi: some factors influencing biodiversity. Fungal Diversity, 4(193), 53-73.
Jones EG, Pilantanapak A, Chatmala I, Sakayaroj J, Phongpaichit S and Choeyklin R. 2006. Thai marine fungal diversity. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 28, 687-708.
Jones EG, Sakayaroj J, Suetrong S, Somrithipol S, Pang KL. 2009. Classification of marine Ascomycota, anamorphic taxa and Basidiomycota. Fungal Diversity, 35(1), 187.
Jones EG. 2011. Are there more marine fungi to be described? Botanica Marina, 54(4), 343-354.
Jones EG, and Pang KL. (Eds.) 2012. Marine fungi: and fungal-like organisms. Walter de Gruyter.
Jones EG, Hyde KD, Pang KL, Suetrong S. 2012. Phylogeny of the Dothideomycetes and other classes of marine Ascomycota. Marine fungi and fungal-like organisms. De Gruyter, Berlin, 17-34
Jones EG, Suetrong S, Sakayaroj J, Bahkali AH, Abdel-Wahab MA, Boekhout T, Pang KL. 2015. Classification of marine ascomycota, basidiomycota, blastocladiomycota and chytridiomycota. Fungal Diversity, 73(1), 1-72.
Kirk PW, Gordon AS. 1988. Hydrocarbon degradation by filamentous marine higher fungi. Mycologia, 80(6), 776-782.
Kohlmeyer J. 1966. Neue Meerespilze on Mangroven. Berichte Deutsche Botanische Gesellschaft 79: 27-37.
Kohlmeyer J. 1969a. Marine fungi from Hawaii including a new genus Helicascus. Canadian Journal of Botany 47: 1469-1487.
Kohlmeyer J. 1969b. Ecological notes on fungi in mangrove forests. Transactions of the British MycoIogical Society 53: 237-250
Kohlmeyer J, Kohlmeyer E. 1971. Marine fungi from tropical America and Africa. Mycologia 63: 831 -86l.
Kohlmeyer J, Kohlmeyer E. 1977. Bermuda marine fungi. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 68: 207-219.
Kohlmeyer J, Kohlmeyer E. (Eds.). 1979. Marine Mycology. The Higher Fungi. New York, San Francisco, London: Academic Press.
Kohlmeyer J. 1980. Tropical and subtropical filamentous fungi of the western Atlantic Ocean. Botanica Marina 23: 529-540.
Kohlmeyer J. 1981. Marine fungi from Martinique. Canadian Journal of Botany 59: 1314-1321.
Kohlmeyer J. 1984. Tropical mangrove fungi. PSZNI Marine Ecology 5: 329-378.
Kohlmeyer J, Bebout B. 1986. On the occurrence of marine fungi in the diet of Littorina angulifera and observations on the behavior of the periwinkle. Marine Ecology, 7(4), 333-343.
Kohlmeyer J, Volkmann-Kohlmeyer B. 1987a. Marine fungi from Aldabra, the Galapagos, and other tropical islands. Canadian Journal of Botany 65: 571-582.
Kohlmeyer J, Volkmann-Kohlmeyer B. 1987b. Marine fungi from Belize with a description of two new genera of ascomycetes. Botanica Marina 30: 195-204.
Kohlmeyer J, Volkmann-Kohlmeyer B. 1988. Ophiodeira gen. nov. (Halosphaeriales) and a survey of higher marine fungi from Saint Croix (Virgin Islands). Canadian Journal of Botany 66: 2062-2067.
Kohlmeyer J and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer B. 1993. Biogeographic observations on Pacific marine fungi. Mycologia 85: 337-346.
Kohlmeyer J, Bebout B, Volkmann‐Kohlmeyer B. 1995. Decomposition of mangrove wood by marine fungi and teredinids in Belize. Marine Ecology, 16(1), 27 39.
Leong WF, Tan TK, Jones EG. (1988). Lignicolous marine fungi of Singapore. Canadian Journal of Botany 66: 2167-2170
Lin Y., Wu X., Deng Z., Wang J., Zhou S., Vrijmoed LP., Jones EG. 2002. The metabolites of the mangrove fungus Verruculina enalia No. 2606 from a salt lake in the Bahamas. Phytochemistry, 59(4), 469-471.
Lugo AE, Snedaker SC 1974. The ecology of mangroves. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 5:39–64
Maria GL, Sridhar KR, Bärlocher F. 2006. Decomposition of dead twigs of Avicennia officinalis and Rhizophora mucronata in a mangrove in southwestern India. Botanica marina, 49(5/6), 450-455.
Maharachchikumbura SS, Hyde KD, Jones EG, McKenzie EH, Bhat JD, Dayarathne MC, Huang SK, Norphanphoun C, Indunil C et al. 2016. Families of sordariomycetes. Fungal Diversity, 79(1), 1-317.
Meyers SP 1968. Observations on the physiological ecology of marine fungi. Bull Misaki Mar Biol Inst Kyoto, 12, 207-225.
Mehdi FS, Saifullah SM. 2000. Species diversity and seasonal occurrence of fungi on seedlings of Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 3(2), 265-268.
Molina FJ, Hughes GC. 1982. The growth of Zalerion maritimum (Linder) Anastasiou in response to variation in salinity and temperature. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 61: 147-156.
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