REVISTA ECUATORIANA DE MEDICINA Y CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS

Volumen 39, No. 2, Noviembre 2018 e-ISSN 2477-9148

Artículo científico

Eight new species of the genus Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) from

the Andes of southern Ecuador

Ocho nuevas especies del género Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) de los

Andes del sur de Ecuador

Ana Danitza Peñafiel-Vinueza

and Violeta Rafael

Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica

del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre y Roca, Aptdo. 17-01-2184, Quito, Ecuador.

Corresponding author: adpenafiel@puce.edu.ec

doi: 10.26807/remcb.v39i2.649

Recibido 31-05-2018; Aceptado 27-08-2018

ABSTRACT.- Eight new species of the genus Drosophila are described and illustrated: Drosophila

kingmani sp. nov., Drosophila malacatus sp. nov., Drosophila millmasapa sp. nov., Drosophila pichka

sp. nov., Drosophila rusaryu sp. nov., Drosophila shunku sp. nov., Drosophila shunkuku sp. nov. and

Drosophila taki sp. nov. These species were collected in the cloud forests of Podocarpus National Park

in the southern Ecuadorian Andes. The flies were captured using plastic bottles containing pieces of

fermented banana with yeast.

KEYWORDS: Andean forest, Diptera, terminalia, Podocarpus National Park, taxonomy.

RESUMEN.- Ocho nuevas especies del género Drosophila fueron descritas e ilustradas: Drosophila

kingmani sp. nov., Drosophila malacatus sp. nov., Drosophila millmasapa sp. nov., Drosophila pichka

sp. nov., Drosophila rusaryu sp. nov., Drosophila shunku sp. nov., Drosophila shunkuku sp. nov. y

Drosophila taki sp. nov. Las especies fueron colectadas en los bosques nublados del Parque Nacional

Podocarpus en los Andes del sur de Ecuador. Las moscas fueron capturadas usando botellas plásticas

cebadas con pedazos de banana fermentados con levadura.

PALABRAS CLAVES: Bosque andino, Diptera, terminalia, Parque Nacional Podocarpus, taxonomía.

INTRODUCTION

Species in the Drosophilidae have been described

since 1787, when Fabricius described Musca

funebris. This species was later moved to a new

genus and became Drosophila funebris, the type

species of the family (Brake and Bächli 2008).

The Drosophilidae contains 3 952 species and 73

genera and are divided into two subfamilies,

Steganinae and Drosophilinae (Bächli 2016).

Drosophilinae is the most diverse subfamily and

includes the genus Drosophila. The genus

Drosophila is well known mainly because of the

great interest in Drosophila melanogaster as a

model organism and the vast knowledge of its

biology and genetics of many of its members

(Van der Linde and Houle 2008). The genus

Drosophila has the most species with about 2 000

described species and comprises around 53 % of

the total species and has been split of into 8

subgenera: Drosophila, Sophophora,

Chusqueophila, Dorsilopha, Dudaica,

Phloridosa, Psilodorha y Siphlodora (Brake and

Bächli 2008).

Becker (1919) made the first record of the genus

Drosophila in Ecuador. Until 2009, 112 species

have been recorded from Ecuador and 92 of them

belong to the subgenus Drosophila (Acurio and

Rafael 2009). In subsequent years, studies of the

diversity of the Drosophila in Ecuador have been

set up as a priority. As a result of these

investigations 38 new species have been

described (Acurio et al. 2013; Cabezas and

Rafael 2013, 2015; Cabezas et al. 2015; Céspedes

and Rafael 2012a, 2012b; Figuero and Rafael

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2011, 2013; Figuero et al. 2012a, 2012b; Llangarí

and Rafael 2017; Ramos and Rafael 2015, 2017,

2018; Peñafiel-Vinueza and Rafael 2018a,

2018b; Tamayo and Rafael 2016). Increasing the

number of species reported in 2009 to 155.

However, we believe there are many more

species to be discovered in specialized habitats

and remote, unexplored regions of Ecuador.

We describe eight new species of the genus

Drosophila: Drosophila kingmani sp. nov.,

Drosophila malacatus sp. nov., Drosophila

millmasapa sp. nov., Drosophila pichka sp. nov.,

Drosophila rusaryu sp. nov., Drosophila shunku

sp. nov., Drosophila shunkuku sp. nov. and

Drosophila taki sp. nov. Illustrations and

photographs of the new species are included.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The flies were collected in Loja and Zamora

Chinchipe Provinces of Ecuador, in the cloud

forests of the Podocarpus National Park and the

nearby vicinities. Collections were made at three

localities (Figure 1). The first at San Francisco

Scientific Station at 2 190 m (3°59'16.7''S;

79°5'35''W), in a montane cloud forest dominated

by Purdiaea nutans, Myrica pubescens, Myrsine

andina and families Myrsinaceae, Myricaceae,

Melastomataceae, Bromeliaceae and

Orchidaceae (Bussmann 2003). The two

remaining locations in Cajanuma at 2 675 m

(4°6'53.7''S; 79°10'54.6''W) and Cajanuma at 2

800 m (4°6'58.9''S; 79°10'11.9''W) (Figure 2) in

the high montane cloud forests dominated by

arboreal species of the families Rosaceae,

Rubiaceae, Ericaceae, Podocarpaceae,

Melastomataceae, Arecaceae, Berberidaceae,

Chloranthaceae, Lauraceae and Asteraceae

(Lozano 2002). Fermented banana traps (15)

were placed in each location ten meters apart

from each other and a maximum of one meter

above the base of the trees. Traps were made

using recycled 500 ml plastic bottles and baited

with banana pieces fermented with yeast 24 hours

before placement in traps.

Flies were captured with an entomological

aspirator and transferred to vials with gelatin-

banana media (Rafael et al. 2000). Females were

individually isolated to produce isofemale lines

on fresh gelatin-banana media. Adult specimens

were preserved in microcentrifuge tubes with

ethanol (70-80 %) and glycerin (100 %) solution

(Márquez-Luna 2005). Additionally, the baits

were removed from the traps and placed inside

glass jars sealed with cotton plugs. The bait

material was transported to the laboratory where

it was kept until emergence of adults.

External morphology of each fly was examined

under a stereomicroscope (Zeiss; Discovery V8).

Male and female terminalia were dissected and

placed in 10 % KOH and boiled in a water bath

for ten minutes.

Figure 1. Ecuador map showing Loja and Zamora Chinchipe provinces and collection localities Cajamuma and

San Francisco.

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Figure 2. Cloud montane forests of Cajanuma Valley (seen from Cajanuma trail), Podocarpus National Park,

Province of Loja Ecuador, XII, 2016, D. Encalada-Bustamante photograh.

The terminalia were then placed in 60 % glycerin

for females and 100 % for males. Terminalia

were examined and compared with available

literature to determine new species. The new

species were illustrated using a microscope

(Zeiss-46 70 86) with a camera lucida (Zeiss-47

46 20 9900). Measurements were made using the

software Axio Vision V4. Indices of paratypes

are presented in parentheses. Descriptive terms

and indices follow the system of Bächli et al.

(2004).

The holotypes and paratypes of the new species

have been deposited in the Museo de Zoología-

Invertebrados, Pontificia Universidad Católica

del Ecuador, Quito (QCAZ-I).

RESULTS

Drosophila kingmani sp. nov.

Figure 3 A-E

Type material.- Holotype male ♂ (dissected,

terminalia in microvial, dry mounted), Ecuador,

Zamora Chinchipe, San Francisco, 2 190 m,

3°59'16.7''S, 79°5'35''W, 19 Nov. 2015, A.

Peñafiel col., A. Peñafiel & V. Rafael det.

(QCAZ-I 3389).

Diagnosis.- Aristae with 5 dorsal an 2 ventral

branches. One prominent oral bristles. Yellow

wings. Thorax yellow. Abdomen yellow with

dorsal midline, 1

tergite yellow, 2

and 3

tergites with triangular pigmentation in the

posterior edge of each tergite. Cerci slightly fused

to the epandrium. Hypandrium V-shaped,

slightly sclerotized. Gonopod elongated bearing

one long bristle. Aedeagus tubular, partially

enlarged and membranous, slightly sclerotized

(young specimen). Apex with two dorsally

curved projections. Ventral rod well-developed.

Paraphyses triangular bearing one bristle at the

apex.

Male description.- Holotype external

morphology: total length (body + wings) 4,30

mm, body length 3,01 mm. Body color yellow.

Head.- Aristae with 5 dorsal and 2 ventral

branches plus terminal fork. Frontal length 0,29

mm, frontal index = 0,85; top to bottom width

ratio = 1,47. Distance from or1 to or3 0,1 mm,

distance from or3 to vtm 0,1; or1-or3 ratio = 0,45,

or2-or1 ratio = 0,9, distance from postocellar

setae 55,1 % of frontal length. Ocellar triangle

black, 34,48 % of frontal length. vt index = 1.

Cheek index = 7,28. One prominent oral bristle,

vibrissal index = 0,37. Carina not prominent. Eye

red, eye index = 1,59.

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Figure 3. Drosophila kingmani sp. nov. Holotype ♂ A Abdomen B Epandrium, cerci, surstylus, decasternum C,

D, E Aedeagus and paraphyses in ventral, lateral and dorsal view, respectively.

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Thorax.- Yellow, thorax length 0,86 mm,

acrostichal hairs in 8 irregular rows between the

two anterior dorsocentral setae, h index = 1,25.

Transverse distance of dorsocentrals 2,53x

longitudinal distance. Distance between apical

scutellar setae 95,2 % of that between apical and

basal setae. Medial katepisternal seta ⅓ of the

previous seta, sterno index could not be

calculated (broken setae in holotype).

Legs yellow.

Wings yellow. Alar length 2,60 mm, alar width

1,14 mm. Alar indices: alar = 2,28; C = 4,67; ac

= 1,59; hb = 0,46; 4c = 0,58; 4v = 1,51; 5x = 1,15;

M = 0,40 and prox. x = 0,58.

Abdomen.- Yellow with dorsal midline, 1

tergite yellow, 2

and 3

tergites pigmented to

the posterior edge of each tergite, 4

to 6

tergites

yellow (Figure 3A).

Male terminalia.- Cerci partially fused to

epandrium, ventral lobe with 17 lower bristles on

the right and 14 bristles on the left side. Surstylus

rectangular with 11 primary teeth on the right and

8 on the left side, 6 marginal bristles on the right

and 9 on the left side (Figure 3B). Gonopod

elongated bearing one long bristle.

Aedeagus.- Tubular, partially enlarged and

membranous, slightly sclerotized (young

specimen). Apex with two dorsally curved

projections. Ventral rod well-developed.

Paraphyses triangular bearing one bristle at the

apex (Figure 3C-E).

Etymology.- The species name honors Eduardo

Kingman (1913-1997). Kingman was a famous

painter and muralist and was born in Loja.

Kingman was a founder of the Ecuadorian

impressionism movement.

Distribution.- Known only from the type

locality.

Biology.- Unknown. The type specimen was in

the banana-bait traps placed at the locality, which

suggest that this species is a fermented fruit

feeder as many other Drosophila species. The

habitat is a well-preserved montane forest.

Relationship to other species.- This species

belongs to the genus Drosophila. There is not an

appropriate species-group where this species

could be placed. However the male terminalia of

Drosophila sonorae Heed and Castrezana (2008)

shows great similarity with D. kingmani. The

general shape of the aedeagus of D. kingmani and

D. sonorae is similar, and the aedeagus are

dorsodistally bifid (see detailed illustrations from

Vilela 2017 and figure 3C-E). But the differences

between both species are greater. D. sonorae is a

cactophilic species captured mostly from deserts

and cloud forests (Heed and Castrezana 2008;

Vilela 2017), while D. kingmani is a fruit feeder

species known from cloud forests where cactus is

not found. The most important difference

between D. sonorae and D. kingmani is the

external morphology. D. sonorae has a spotted

thorax and a conspicuous abdomen pattern, see

figures 1 and 2 from Heed and Castrezana (2008),

and D. kingmani thorax is yellow and the 2

and

tergites of abdomen have thin pigmented

bands interrupted by a dorsal midline.

Drosophila malacatus sp. nov.

Figure 4 A-F

Type material.- Holotype male ♂ (dissected,

terminalia in microvial, dry mounted), Ecuador,

Loja, Cajanuma, 2 800 m, 4°6'58.9''S,

79°10'11.9''W, 19 Nov. 2015, A. Peñafiel col., A.

Peñafiel & V. Rafael det. (QCAZ-I 3382).

Diagnosis.- Aristae with 4 dorsal and 2 ventral

branches. One prominent oral bristle. Carina

prominent and sulcate. Thorax yellowish brown.

Wings, costal cell brown, marginal and

submarginal cell slightly darker, dM-Cu slightly

clouded. Abdomen yellow, 1

tergite yellow, 2

to 6

tergites with posterior dark, thin

pigmentation on each tergite. Cerci partially

fused to epandrium. Hypandrium slightly

sclerotized, vase-shaped. Gonopod bearing a

long bristle. Paraphyses elongated bearing three

small bristles. Aedeagus tubular, elongated and

sclerotized, distally enlarged, with two lateral

expansions with a wavy edge, ventrally

membranous, apex bifid.

Male description.- Holotype external

morphology: total length (body + wings) 5,15

mm, body length 3,74 mm. Body color yellowish

brown.

Head.- Aristae with 4 dorsal and 2 ventral

branches plus terminal fork, pedicel and

flagellomere of the antenna yellowish brown.

Orbital plate yellowish brown, frontal length 0,46

mm, frontal index = 0,93, top to bottom width

ratio = 1,57. Medial vertical seta closer to lateral

vertical seta; or1-or3 ratio = 0,84, or2-or1 ratio =

0,42. Ocellar triangle yellowish brown.

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Figure 4. Drosophila malacatus sp. nov. Holotype ♂ A Abdomen B Epandrium, cerci, surstylus, decasternum C

Hypandrium and gonopods in ventral view D, E, F Aedeagus and paraphyses in ventral, lateral and dorsal view,

respectively.

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Ocellus yellow. vt index, could not be calculated

(broken setae on holotype). Frontal vitta

yellowish brown.

Cheek index = 6,90. Carina prominent and

sulcate. One prominent oral bristle; vibrissal

index = 0,35. Eyes red, eye index = 1,33.

Thorax.- Yellowish brown, thorax length 1,30

mm, acrostichal hairs could not be recognized. h

index = 1,19. dc index could not be calculated

(broken bristles on holotype). Medial

katepisternal seta ⅓ of the length of the previous

seta, sterno index = 2,7.

Legs yellow.

Wings yellow. Alar length 4,21 mm, alar width

1,83 mm. Costal cell brown, marginal and

submarginal slightly darker, dM-Cu slightly

clouded. Alar indices: alar = 2,30; C = 5,20; ac =

1,45; hb = 0,60; 4c = 0,40; 4v = 1,05; 5x = 0,95;

M = 0,26 and prox. x = 0,42.

Abdomen.- Yellow, 1

tergite yellow, 2

to 6

tergites with posterior dark thin pigmentation on

each tergite (Figure 4A).

Male terminalia.- Epandrium microtrichose,

ventral lobe with 30 – 40 long bristles. Cerci

partially fused to epandrium, microtrichose with

long bristles and with a group of 16 small bristles.

Surstylus rectangular, slightly microtrichose,

with a row of 15 primary teeth on the right side

and 14 on the left; 14 marginal bristles on each

side (Figure 4B). Hypandrium slightly

sclerotized, vase-shaped. Gonopod bearing one

sclerotized long bristle (Figure 4C).

Aedeagus.- Sclerotized, elongated and tubular,

distally enlarged, with two lateral expansions

with a wavy edge, ventrally membranous, apex

bifid. Ventral rod ½ the length of the paraphyses.

Aedeagal apodeme wide and membranous.

Paraphyses elongated bearing three small bristles

(Figure 4D-F).

Etymology.- The species name refers to the

Malacatos valley in Loja Province. The meaning

of the word ¨Malacatos¨ comes from the name of

the primitive indigenous tribe of the "Malacatus"

who had the dominion over the Vilcabamba,

Yangana and San Barnabas areas.

Distribution.- Known only from the type

locality.

Biology.- Unknown. The type specimen was in

the banana-bait traps placed at the locality, which

suggest that this species is a fermented fruit

feeder as many other Drosophila species. The

habitat is a well-preserved montane forest.

Relationship.- This species belongs to the genus

Drosophila. There is not a species group where

this species could be placed. There is not a similar

species.

Drosophila millmasapa sp. nov.

Figure 5 A-F

Type material.- Holotype male ♂ (dissected,

terminalia in microvial), Ecuador, Zamora

Chinchipe, San Francisco 2 190 m, 3°59'16.7''S,

79°5'35''W, 19 Nov. 2015, A. Peñafiel col., A.

Peñafiel & V. Rafael det. (QCAZ-I 3390).

Paratype.- 1 ♂ (dissected, terminalia in

microvial), Ecuador, Zamora Chinchipe, San

Francisco, same data as holotype, A. Peñafiel

col., A. Peñafiel & V. Rafael det. (QCAZ-I 3391)

Diagnosis.- Aristae with 3 dorsal and 2 ventral

branches. One prominent oral bristle. Carina

prominent and not sulcate. Thorax yellowish

brown. Wings yellow. Abdomen yellowish

brown with dorsal midline, 1

tergite brown; 2

to 5

tergites with triangular pigmentation which

becomes thinner laterally and 6

tergite yellow.

Cerci microtrichose. Hypandrium V-shaped with

sclerotized edge. Gonopod elongated. Aedeagus

elongated and curved, with subapical tips, with

small elongated and sclerotized projections, apex

rounded dorsally curved. Paraphyses elongated,

distally sclerotized and rounded, highly

microtrichose, bearing two long bristles.

Male description.- Holotype external

morphology: total length (body+wings) 4,40 mm,

body length 2,86 mm. Body color yellowish

brown.

Head.- Aristae with 3 dorsal and 2 ventral

branches plus terminal fork and small hairs.

Orbital plate yellowish brown, frontal length 0,55

(0,52) mm; frontal index = 1,44 (1,41); top to

bottom width ratio = 1,47 (1,42). Medial vertical

seta closer to lateral vertical seta and slightly

towards the outer edge of the orbital plate;

distance from or1 to or3 0,1 (0,1) mm, distance

from or3 to vtm 0,13 (0,1) mm; or1-or3 ratio =

0,83 (0,79), or2-or1 ratio = 0,46 (0,41), distance

from ocellar setae 43,6 (41) % of frontal length,

distance from postocellar setae

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Figure 5. Drosophila millmasapa sp. nov. Holotype ♂ A Abdomen B Epandrium, cerci, surstylus, decasternum

C Hypandrium and gonopods in ventral view D, E, F Aedeagus and paraphyses in ventral, lateral and dorsal

view, respectively

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64,5 (65) % of frontal length. Ocellar triangle

brown, 25,4 (22,3) % of frontal length. Ocellus

yellow; vt index = 0,90 (0,79). Frontal vitta

yellowish brown. Gena and postgena yellowish

brown, cheek index = 4,63 (4,28). One prominent

oral bristle, vibrissal index = 0,26 (0,22). Carina

prominent and no sulcate. Eyes deep red, eye

index = 1,10 (1,08).

Thorax.- Yellowish brown, thorax length 0,88

(0,92) mm, acrostichal hairs in 10 rows between

the two anterior dorsocentral setae, h index = 1,31

(1,25); Transverse distance of dorsocentrals 2,1x

longitudinal distance, dc index = 0,64 (0,58).

Distance between apical scutellar setae 94,7

(95,1) % of that between apical and basal setae.

Scutellum yellowish brown, scut index = 0,78

(0,71). Medial katepisternal seta one fifth the

length of the previous seta, sterno index = 5

(4,98).

Legs yellow.

Wings yellow. Alar length 2,77 (2,85) mm, alar

width 1,14 (1,23) mm. Alar indices: alar = 2,42

(2,51); C = 1,68 (1,73); ac = 2,21 (2,25); hb =

0,41 (0,48); 4c = 0,69 (0,71); 4v = 1,64 (1,68); 5x

= 1,25 (1,3); M = 0,46 (0,52) and prox. x = 0,64

(0,7).

Abdomen.- Yellowish brown with dorsal

midline, 1

tergite yellowish brown, 2

to 5

tergites with triangular pigmentation which

becomes thinner laterally and 6

tergite yellow

(Figure 5A).

Male terminalia.- Epandrium microtrichose

with 6 upper and no lower bristles, 18 bristles on

the ventral lobe. Cerci microtrichose partially

fused to epandrium. Surstylus rectangular, 11

primary teeth on the right and 12 on the left, 12

marginal bristles on the right and 13 on the left

(Figure 5B). Hypandrium V-shaped with

sclerotized edge. Gonopod elongated (Figure

5C).

Aedeagus.- Elongated and curved, with

subapical tips, with 17 small elongated and

sclerotized spots on the left and 15 on the right,

apex rounded dorsally curved covered in bright

studs, with a medial suture. Paraphyses

elongated, distally sclerotized and rounded,

highly microtrichose, bearing two long bristles

(Figure 5D-F).

Etymology.- In the Kichwa language,

millmasapa = furry. The paraphyses are densely

microtrichose.

Distribution.- Known only from the type

locality.

Biology.- Unknown. The type specimen was

collected in the banana-bait traps placed at the

locality, which suggest that this species is a

fermented fruit feeder as many other Drosophila

species. The habitat is a relatively well-preserved

montane forest.

Relationship.- This species belongs to the genus

Drosophila. There is not an appropriate species-

group where this species could be placed. Also,

there is not a similar species.

Drosophila pichka sp. nov.

Figure 6 A-F

Type material.- Holotype male ♂ (dissected,

terminalia in microvial), Ecuador, Loja,

Cajanuma, 2 800 m, 4°6'58.9''S, 79°10'11.9''W,

19 Nov. 2015, A. Peñafiel col., A. Peñafiel & V.

Rafael det. (QCAZ-I 3384).

Paratype.- 1 ♂ (dissected, terminalia in

microvial, dry mounted), Ecuador, Napo, Río

Guango, 2 548 m, 00°32'14''S, 77°57'13.4''W, 23

Sep. 2016, A. B. Manzano col., A. Peñafiel & V.

Rafael det. (QCAZ-I 251243).

Diagnosis.- Aristae with 4 dorsal and 2 ventral

branches. One prominent oral bristle. Thorax

yellowish brown. Wings yellowish brown.

Abdomen yellow, 1

tergite brown, 2

to 6

tergites with central dark pigmentation which

reaches the anterior and posterior edge. Cerci

partially fused to epandrium. Aedeagus

sclerotized, elongated and tubular, slightly

curved. Ventrally, the apex has five ends barely

perceptible. Paraphyses elongated bearing one

distal small bristle. Hypandrium V-shaped, the

edge is slightly sclerotized. Gonopod bearing one

long bristle.

Male description.- Holotype external

morphology: total length (body + wings) 4,88

mm, body length 3,25 mm. Body color yellowish

brown.

Head.- Aristae with 4 dorsal and 2 ventral

branches plus terminal fork and small hairs.

Orbital plate yellowish brown, frontal length 0,29

(0,31) mm; frontal index = 1 (0,97); top to bottom

width ratio = 1,86 (1,92). Medial vertical seta

closer to lateral vertical seta; distance from or1 to

or3 0,1 (0,1) mm, distance from or3 to vtm 0,11

(0,1) mm; or1 - or3 ratio = 0,58 (0,64),

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Figure 6. Drosophila pichka sp. nov. Holotype ♂ A Abdomen B Epandrium, cerci, surstylus, decasternum C

Hypandrium and gonopods in ventral view D, E, F Aedeagus and paraphyses in ventral, lateral and dorsal view,

respectively.

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or2-or1 = 0,57 (0,61). Distance from ocellar setae

103 (100) % of frontal length, distance from

postocellar setae 96,5 (98) % of frontal length.

Ocellar triangle brown, 44,82 (45) % of frontal

length. Ocellus yellow. vt index = 1 (1). Frontal

vitta yellowish brown. Cheek index = 6,71 (6,92).

one prominent oral bristle, vibrissal index = 0,36

(0,41). Carina not sulcated and not prominent.

Eyes red, eye index = 1,20 (1,05).

Thorax.- yellowish brown, thorax length 0,93

(0,98) mm, acrostichal hairs in 7 rows between

the two anterior dorsocentral setae, h index = 0,97

(0,95). Transverse distance of dorsocentrals

1,52x longitudinal distance. Distance between

apical scutellar setae 78,2 (79) % of that between

apical and basal setae. Medial katepisternal seta

one third of the previous one, sterno index = 2

(1,8).

Legs yellow.

Wings yellowish brown. Alar length 3,22 (3,15)

mm, alar width 1,43 (1,5) mm. Alar indices: alar

= 2,25 (2,28); C = 5,02 (5,05); ac = 1,54 (1,58);

hb = 0,31 (0,36); 4c = 0,51 (0,54); 4v = 1,51

(1,52); 5x = 1,39 (1,42); M = 0,41 (0,46) and

prox. x = 0,54 (0,59).

Abdomen.- Yellowish brown, from 1

to 6

tergites with central dark pigmentation which

reaches the anterior and posterior edge, laterally

not pigmented (Figure 6A).

Male terminalia.- Epandrium microtrichose

with long bristles, laterally well-developed

ventral lobe. Cerci microtrichose, partially fused

to epandrium. Surstylus microtrichose and

rectangular with 12 primary teeth on each side,

on the left side with a gap between the 1

and 2

teeth, 7 marginal bristles on the right and 8 on the

left side (Figure 6B). Hypandrium V-shaped with

sclerotized edge. Gonopod bearing one posterior

long bristle (Figure 6C).

Aedeagus.- Slightly curved, sclerotized,

elongated and tubular. Ventrally the apex has five

small barely, perceptible projections. Paraphyses

elongated bearing one small, distal bristle.

Aedeagal apodeme slightly sclerotized, wide and

curved (Figure 6D-F).

Etymology.- In the Kichwa language. pichka =

five. Since the apex of the aedeagus bears five

small projections.

Distribution.- Drosophila pichka is known from

two localities (elevation range is 2 548-2 800 m)

from Loja Province, Podocarpus National Park

and Napo Province, Río Guango.

Biology.- Unknown. The type specimen was in

the banana-bait traps placed at the locality, which

suggest that this species is a fermented fruit

feeder as many other Drosophila species. The

habitat is a well-preserved montane forest.

Relationship.- This species belongs to the genus

Drosophila. There is not an appropriate species

group where this species could be placed. Also,

there is not a similar species.

Drosophila rusaryu sp. nov.

Figure 7 A-F

Type material.- Holotype male ♂ (dissected,

terminalia in microvial, dry mounted), Ecuador,

Loja, Cajanuma, 2 675 m, 4°6'53.7''S,

79°10'54.6''W, 19 Nov. 2015, A. Peñafiel col., A.

Peñafiel & V. Rafael det. (QCAZ-I 3383).

Paratype.- 1 ♂ (dissected, terminalia in

microvial, dry mounted), Ecuador, Loja,

Cajanuma, 2 725 m, 4°7'4.6''S, 79°10'38.6''W, 27

Dic. 2016, D. Encalada col., A. Peñafiel & V.

Rafael det. (QCAZ-I 251242).

Diagnosis.- Aristae with 5 dorsal and 3 ventral

branches. One prominent oral bristle. Carina

prominent and sulcate. Thorax yellowish brown.

Wings, dM-Cu slightly clouded. Abdomen with

dorsal midline, 2

tergite with posterior dark

pigmentation, 3

tergite with dorsal midline with

pigmentation which thins laterally, 5

and 6

tergites slightly pigmented. Cerci partially fused

to epandrium. Gonopod microtrichose bearing

one bristle. Hypandrium U-shaped. Aedeagus

tubular and short, distal end enlarged, with two

lateral wavy edge expansions. Paraphyses

microtrichose and oval, bearing one long bristle

at the apex.

Male description.- Holotype external

morphology: total length (body + wings) 4,90

mm, body length 3,26 mm. Body color brown.

Head.- Arisae with 5 dorsal and 3 ventral

branches plus terminal fork. Orbital plate

yellowish brown, frontal length 0,44 (0,5) m;

frontal index = 0,91 (0,88); top to bottom width

ratio = 1,68 (1,71). Medial vertical seta closer to

lateral vertical seta; distance from or1 to or3 0,11

(0,1) mm, distance from or3 to vtm 0,17 (0,2)

mm; distance from ocellar setae 84 (82) % of

frontal length, distance from postocellar setae

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Figure 7. Drosophila rusaryu sp. nov. Holotype ♂ A Abdomen B Epandrium, cerci, surstylus, decasternum C

Hypandrium and gonopods in ventral view D, E, F Aedeagus and paraphyses in ventral, lateral and dorsal view,

respectively.

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43,1 (44) % of frontal length. Ocellar triangle

yellowish brown, 36 (35) % of frontal length.

Ocellus yellow. vt index = 0,95 (0,98). Frontal

vitta yellowish brown. Cheek index = 5 (5). One

prominent oral bristle, vibrissal index = 0,29

(0,31). Carina prominent and sulcate. Eyes red,

eye index = 1,27 (1,32).

Thorax.- yellowish brown, thorax length 0,98

(1,07) mm, acrostichal hairs in 8 rows between

the two anterior dorsocentral setae, h index = 0,78

(0,82). Transverse distance of dorsocentrals

1,89x longitudinal distance, dc index = 0,98

(0,96). Distance between apical scutellar setae 95

(98) % of that between apical and basal setae.

Scut index could not be calculated (broken

bristles on holotype). Medial katepisternal seta

one fifth of the previous seta, sterno index = 3,15

(2,98).

Legs yellow.

Wings yellow. Alar length 4,05 (4,15) mm, alar

width 1,75 (1,82) mm. dM-Cu slightly clouded.

Alar indices: alar = 2,31 (2,26); C = 4,64 (4,67);

ac = 1,64 (1,62); hb = 0,34 (0,37); 4c = 0,50

(0,53); 4v = 1,32 (1,36); 5x = 1,25 (1,29); M =

0,35 (0,37) and prox. x = 0,44 (0,49).

Abdomen.- Yellow, with dorsal midline, 1

tergite light brown, slightly pigmented; 2

tergite

with posterior dark pigmentation, 3

tergite with

dorsal midline with pigmentation which thins

laterally, from 4

to 6

tergites slightly

pigmented (Figure 7A).

Male terminalia.- Cerci partially fused to

epandrium. Ventral lobe of the epandrium with

16 bristles. Surstylus microtrichose with 10

primary teeth and 8 marginal bristles on each

side. Decasternum rectangular fused to surstylus

by a membrane (Figure 7B). Hypandrium slightly

sclerotized, U-shaped. Gonopod microtrichose

bearing one bristle and posterior stretch marks

(Figure 7C).

Aedeagus.- Tubular and short, distal end

enlarged, with two lateral wavy edge expansions.

Paraphyses microtrichose and oval, bearing one

long bristle at the apex. Ventral rod developed.

Aedeagal apodeme long, straight and wide,

distally membranous (Figure 7D-F).

Etymology.- In the Kichwa language, rusaryu =

Rosario. Name is in honor of Sra. María Rosario

Ibarra Bernal, a Colombian woman and educator

who loved nature and always taught the

importance of every living being.

Distribution.- Known only from the type

locality.

Biology.- Unknown. The type specimen was in

the banana-bait traps placed at the locality, which

suggest that this species is a fermented fruit

feeder as many other Drosophila species. The

habitat is a well-preserved montane forest.

Relationship.- This species belongs to the genus

Drosophila. There is not an appropriate species

group where this species could be placed. There

is not a similar species.

Drosophila shunku sp. nov.

Figures 8 A-F and 9 A-B

Type material: Holotype ♂ (dissected,

terminalia in microvial, dry mounted), Ecuador,

Loja, Cajanuma, 2 675 m, 4°6'53.7''S,

79°10'54.6''W, 19 Nov. 2015, A. Peñafiel col., A.

Peñafiel & V. Rafael det. (QCAZ-I 3360).

Allotype ♀ (dissected, terminalia in microvial,

dry mounted), Ecuador, Loja, Cajanuma, 2 800

m, 4°6'58.9''S, 79°10'11.9''W, 19 Nov. 2015, A.

Peñafiel col., A. Peñafiel & V. Rafael det.

(QCAZ-I 3361).

Paratypes: 9 ♂♂ and 9 ♀♀ (dissected,

terminalia in microvial, dry mounted,

descendants from an isofemale line F

), Ecuador,

Loja, Cajanuma, 2 675 m, 4°6'53.7''S,

79°10'54.6''W, 19 Nov. 2015, A. Peñafiel col., A.

Peñafiel & V. Rafael det. (QCAZ-I 3362 – 3370,

3371 – 3379).

Diagnosis.- Aristae generally with four dorsal

and two ventral branches, plus terminal fork. One

long oral bristle. Carina prominent and sulcate.

Thorax brown. Wings yellowish brown.

Abdomen yellow, 2

to 5

tergites with hour-

glass-shaped dark pigmented markings, with a

white oval area on each side. Cerci small,

microtrichose with a projection which holds a

heart-shaped sclerotized structure bearing 3

bristles on each side. Surstylus rectangular with

strongly sclerotized sharp teeth in two groups.

Aedeagus sclerotized voluminous covered with

spines, apex ends in a point, dorsally with a heart

shaped opening. Hypandrium U-shaped bearing

one bristle. Paraphyses rectangular bearing three

small bristles.

Male description.- Holotype external

morphology: total length (body + wings) 5,15

(4,86 – 5,18) mm, body length 3,26 (2,95 – 3,23)

mm. Body color brown.

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Figure 8. Drosophila shunku sp. nov. Holotype ♂ A Abdomen B Epandrium, cerci, surstylus, decasternum C

Hypandrium and gonopods in ventral view D, E, F Aedeagus and paraphyses in ventral, lateral and dorsal view,

respectively.

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Figure 9. Drosophila shunku sp. nov. Allotype ♀ A Ovipositor B Spermatheca.

Head.- Aristae with 4 dorsal and 2 ventral plus

terminal fork branches and small hairs. Orbital

plate brown, frontal length 0,31 (0,38 – 0,4) mm;

frontal index = 0,86 (0,79 – 0,85); top to bottom

width ratio = 1,63 (1,35 – 1,42). Medial vertical

seta was closer to lateral vertical seta and to the

eye; distance from or1 to or3 0,11 (0,11 – 0,13)

mm, distance from or3 to vtm 0,1 (0,14 – 0,18)

mm; or1-or3 ratio = 0,63 (0,66 – 0,81), or2-or1

ratio = 0,42 (0,45 – 0,61), distance from ocellar

setae 64,5 (80 – 84) % of frontal length, distance

from postocellar setae 64,5 (55 – 65,7) % of

frontal length. Ocellar triangle black, 41,9 (36,8

– 42,5) % of frontal length. Ocellus yellow. vt

index = 0,97 (0,71 – 1,17). Frontal vitta dark

brown. Cheek index = 8,42 (6,36 – 8,11). One

prominent oral bristle, vibrissal index = 0,42

(0,41 – 0,61). Carina prominent and sulcate. Eyes

wine red, eye index = 1,63 (1,14 – 1,26).

Thorax.- brown, thorax length 0,98 (1,13 – 1,25)

mm, acrostichal hairs in 8 rows between the two

anterior dorsocentral setae. h index = 1,04 (0,97

– 1,21). Transverse distance of dorsocentrals

2,15x (1,75x – 2,11x) longitudinal distance, dc

index = 0,92 (0,67 – 0,73). Distance between

apical scutellar setae 90,9 (96,4 – 120) % of that

between apical and basal setae. Basal scutellar

setae divergent, scut index = 1,24 (1,05 – 1,10).

Medial katepisternal seta very small 1/8 of the

length of the previous, sterno index = (2 – 3,9).

Legs yellow.

Wings yellowish brown. Alar length 2,95 (3,29 –

3,8) mm, alar width 1,43 (1,44 – 1,84) mm. Alar

indices: alar = 2,06 (2,06 – 2,35); C = 4,41 (4,85

– 5,12); ac = 1,76 (1,48 – 1,81); hb = 0,39 (0,24

– 0,38); 4c = 0,61 (0,52 – 0,55); 4v = 1,61 (1,44

– 1,63); 5x = 1,3 (1,11 – 1,34); M = 0,52 (0,40 –

0,48) and prox. x = 0,58 (0,59 – 0,68).

Abdomen.- Yellow, 1

tergite slightly

pigmented, 2

to 5

tergites with hour-glass-

shaped dark pigmentation and laterally darkened,

with a white oval area on each side, 6

tergite

brown (Figure 8A).

Male terminalia.- Epandrium microtrichose

with numerous lower bristles. Cerci small

microtrichose fused to epandrium by a

sclerotized suture, with a projection with a heart-

shaped sclerotized structure bearing 3 bristles on

each side. Surstylus with granulations, with 4

primary teeth on each side and 49 secondaries

strongly sclerotized sharp teeth on the right and

50 on the left side. Marginal bristles 27 (Figure

8B). Hypandrium U-shaped with sclerotized

edge. Gonopod oval bearing one bristle (Figure

8C).

Aedeagus.- Voluminous, sclerotized covered in

spines, ventrally with two subapical expansions

covered in spines; ventrally apex ends in a point,

with a heart-shaped opening. Paraphyses

rectangular bearing three bristles. Ventral rod

developed. Aedeagus apodeme sclerotized,

slightly curved to ventral side (Figure 8D-F).

Female.- Allotype external morphology: total

length (body + wings) 5,85 (5,67 – 6,05) mm,

body length 3,69 (3,65 – 4,37) mm. Body color

brown.

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External morphology.- Same characteristics as

the male.

Head.- Frontal length 0,4 (0,38 – 0,45) mm;

frontal index = 0,8 (0,71 – 0,86); top to bottom

width ratio = 1,38 (1,35 – 1,52). Distance from

or1 to or3 0,12 (0,09 – 0,14) mm, distance from

or3 to vtm 0,19 (0,15 – 0,18) mm; or1-or3 ratio =

0,65 (0,69 – 0,72), or2-or1 ratio = 0,48 (0,33 –

0,55), distance from ocellar setae 110 (92 – 100)

% of frontal length, distance from postocellar

setae 60 (55 – 69) % of frontal length. Ocellar

triangle 40 (35 – 42,1) % of frontal length.

Ocellus yellow. vt index = 0,95 (0,73 – 0,93).

Cheek index = 9,87 (6,66 – 8,88). Vibrissal index

= 0,37 (0,35 – 0,45). Eye index = 1,21 (1,15 –

1,26).

Thorax.- Length 1,27 (1,24 – 1,3) mm. h index =

0,93 (1,02 – 1,45). Transverse distance of

dorsocentrals 1,79x (1,90x – 1,96x) longitudinal

distance, dc index = 0,67 (0,70 – 0,76). Distance

between apical scutellar setae 113 (107 – 117) %

of that between apical and basal setae. Scut index

= 1,04 (1,02 – 1,19). Sterno index = 3,9 (2,91 –

3,61).

Alar length 3,78 (3,55 – 4,01) mm, alar width

1,47 (1,49 – 1,65) mm. Alar indices: alar = 2,57

(2,29 – 2,43); C = 4,98 (4,8 – 5,03); ac = 1,77

(1,62 – 2,0); hb = 0,30 (0,25 – 0,32); 4c = 0,55

(0,54 – 0,56); 4v = 1,64 (1,52 – 1,61); 5x = 1,5

(1,02 – 1,42); M = 0,42 (0,40 – 0,49) and prox. x

= 0,57 (0,57 – 0,67).

Terminalia.- Ovipositor elongated sclerotized

with 24 marginal teeth, 10 discal teeth, one long

bristle and three fine hairs (Figure 9A).

Spermatheca sclerotized and elongated with

longitudinal stretch marks towards the middle,

duct deeply invaginated (Figure 9B).

Etymology.- In the Kichwa language, shunku =

heart. The species name denotes the sclerotized

area on the cercal projection and the heart-shaped

opening on the aedeagus.

Distribution.- Known only from the type

locality.

Biology.- Mostly unknown. The type specimen

was in the banana-bait traps placed at the locality,

which suggest that this species is a fermented

fruit feeder as many other Drosophila species.

The flies have being reared in the laboratory in

gelatin-banana media (Rafael et al. 2000). The

habitat is a well-preserved montane forest.

Note. The allotype and paratypes were obtained

from isofemale lines founded with flies born

from the baits recovered in the field.

Relationship.- This species belongs to the

subgenus Drosophila. But cannot be assigned to

any of the recognized species groups of

Drosophila. The most similar species is

Drosophila shunkuku sp. nov. (Figure 10A-H)

described in this paper.

Drosophila shunkuku sp. nov.

Figure 10 A-H

Type material.- Holotype ♂ (dissected,

terminalia in microvial, dry mounted), Ecuador,

Loja, Cajanuma, 2 800 m, 4°6'58.9''S,

79°10'11.9''W, XI.2015, A. Peñafiel col., A.

Peñafiel & V. Rafael det. (QCAZ-I 3380).

Allotype ♀ (dissected, terminalia in microvial,

dry mounted), Ecuador, Loja, Cajanuma, same

data as holotype, A. Peñafiel col., A. Peñafiel &

V. Rafael det. (QCAZ-I 3381).

Paratype.- 1 ♂ (dissected, terminalia in

microvial, dry mounted), Ecuador, Loja,

Cajanuma, 2 900 m, 4°7'00.9''S, 79°10'7.2''W,

XII.2016, D. Encalada col., A. Peñafiel & V.

Rafael det. (QCAZ-I 251241)

Diagnosis.- Aristae with 3 dorsal and 2 ventral

branches plus terminal fork, the 2

and 3

antennal segment brown. One prominent oral

bristle. Carina sulcate. Abdomen yellowish

brown, 2

to 5

tergites with hour-glass-shaped

dark pigmentation and a white oval area on each

side. Cerci microtrichose fused to epandrium

with a projection with a heart-shaped sclerotized

structure bearing 4 bristles on each side. The

surstylus is rectangular with 62 undifferentiated

teeth on each side. Aedeagus sclerotized, tubular

and voluminous covered in spines on the distal

half of the aedeagus, laterally expanded with a

subapical process. Paraphyses rectangular

bearing two small bristles. A male and female

were captured in copula in the field.

Male description.- Holotype external

morphology: total length (body + wings) 4,68

mm, body length 3,32 mm. Body color brown.

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Figure 10. Drosophila shunkuku sp. nov. Holotype ♂ A Abdomen B Epandrium, cerci, surstylus, decasternum. C

Hypandrium and gonopods in ventral view D, E, F Aedeagus and paraphyses in ventral, lateral and dorsal view,

respectively. Allotype ♀ G Ovipositor H Spermatheca.

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Head.- Aristae, pedicel and flagellomere of the

antenna brown, with 3 dorsal and 2 ventral

branches plus terminal fork and small hairs.

Orbital plate brown, frontal length 0,37 (0,32)

mm; frontal index = 0,90 (0,86); top to bottom

width ratio = 1,46 (1,41). Medial vertical seta

closer to lateral vertical seta; distance from or1 to

or3 0,11 (0,1) mm, distance from or3 to vtm 0,13

(0,11) mm; or1-or3 ratio = 1,76 (1,71); or2-or1

ratio = 0,30 (0,26), distance from ocellar setae

89,1 (90) % of frontal length, distance from

postocellar setae 64,8 (65) % of frontal length.

Ocellar triangle dark brown, 40,54 (42,1) % of

frontal length. Ocellus yellow. vt index = 0,93

(0,95). Frontal vitta yellowish brown. Cheek

index = 6,3 (6,9). One prominent oral bristle,

vibrissal index = 0,56 (0,51). Carina sulcate. Eyes

red wine, eye index = 1,23 (1,08).

Thorax.- Brown, thorax length 1,04 (1,06) mm,

acrostichal hairs in 8 rows between the two

anterior dorsocentral setae. h index = 1,07 (1,01).

Transverse distance of dorsocentrals 1,8x

longitudinal distance, dc index = 0,76 (0,72).

Distance between apical scutellar setae 108 (106)

% of that between apical and basal setae. Basal

scutellar setae divergent, scut index = 1,16 (1,2).

Medial katepisternal seta ¼ of the length of the

previous, sterno index = 4,15 (4,1).

Legs yellow.

Wings yellowish brown. Alar length 3,35 (3,41)

mm, alar width 1,47 (1,49). Alar indices: alar =

2,27 (2,31); C = 5,08 (5,12); ac = 1,85 (1,91); hb

= 0,46 (0,51); 4c = 0,45 (0,49); 4v = 1,28 (1,32);

5x = 1,08 (1,11); M = 0,33 (0,39) and prox. x =

0,41 (0,46).

Abdomen.- Yellowish brown, 1

tergite slightly

pigmented, 2

to 5

tergites hour-glass-shaped

dark pigmentation with a white oval area on each

side and laterally darkened, 6

tergite dark

(Figure 10A).

Male terminalia.- Epandrium microtrichose

with numerous lower bristles. Cerci

microtrichose fused to epandrium by a

sclerotized suture, with a projection which holds

a heart-shaped sclerotized structure bearing 4

bristles on each side. Surstylus fused to

epandrium by thin filaments, with 62

undifferentiated teeth on each side, 20 marginal

bristles on the right and 19 on the left (Figure

10B). Hypandrium slightly sclerotized. Gonopod

bearing one bristle (Figure 10C).

Aedeagus.- Sclerotized tubular and voluminous

covered in spines towards the distal half of the

aedeagus, distal end rhomboid, laterally

expanded with a subapical process. Paraphyses

rectangular, bearing two small bristles. Ventral

rod developed. Aedeagus apodeme sclerotized,

apex membranous (Figure 10D-E).

Female.- Allotype (found mating with male,

collected in the field). Allotype external

morphology, total length (body + wings) 5,60

mm, body length 4,52 mm. Body color brown.

External morphology.- Same characteristics as

the male.

Head.- Frontal length 0,37 mm; frontal index =

0,80; top to bottom width ratio = 1,52. Distance

from or1 to or3 0,12 mm, distance from or3 to

vtm 0,14 mm; or1-or3 ratio = 0,64, or2-or1 ratio

= 0,63, distance from ocellar setae 83,7 % of

frontal length, distance from postocellar setae 54

% of frontal length. Ocellar triangle 51,3 % of

frontal length. Ocellus yellow. vt index = 0,54.

Cheek index = 6,6. Vibrissal index = 0,56. Eye

index = 1,5.

Thorax.- Length 1,13 mm. h index= 1,44.

Transverse distance of dorsocentrals 1.88x

longitudinal distance, dc index = 0,72. Distance

between apical scutellar setae 100 % of that

between apical and basal setae. Scut index = 1,02.

Sterno index = 3,0.

Alar length 3,88 mm, alar width 1,48 mm. Alar

indices: alar = 2,62; C = 4,94; ac = 1,9; hb = 0,35;

4c = 0,52; 4v = 1,46; 5x = 1,21; M = 0,31 and

prox. x = 0,55.

Terminalia.- Ovipositor elongated and

sclerotized with 30 marginal teeth, 9 discal teeth,

one long bristle and 3 fine hairs (Figure 10G).

Spermatheca elongated and sclerotized, with

longitudinal stretch marks towards the bottom

half, the upper half covered in bright studs, duct

two-thirds invaginated (Figure 10H).

Etymology.- In the Kichwa language, shunku =

heart, and the suffix ku forms the word shunkuku

which means little heart. The cercal process and

the aedeagus have heart-shaped sclerotized areas.

Distribution.- Known only from the type

locality.

Biology.- Mostly unknown. The type specimen

was found mating near the banana-bait traps,

which suggest that, this species courtship takes

place around the potential food and that this

species is a fermented fruit feeder as many other

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Drosophila species. The habitat is a well-

preserved montane forest.

Relationship.- This species belongs to the genus

Drosophila. There is not a species group

appropriate for this species. The most similar

species is Drosophila shunku sp. nov. (Figures

8A-F, 9A-B) described in this paper.

Drosophila taki sp. nov.

Figure 11 A-F

Type material: Holotype male ♂ (dissected,

terminalia in microvial, dry mounted), Ecuador,

Loja, Cajanuma, 2 800 m, 4°6'58.9''S,

79°10'11.9''W, 19 Nov. 2015, A. Peñafiel col., A.

Peñafiel & V. Rafael det. (QCAZ-I 3385).

Paratypes.- 2 ♂♂ (dissected, terminalia in

microvial), Ecuador, Loja, Cajanuma, 2 800 m,

same data as holotype, A. Peñafiel col., A.

Peñafiel & V. Rafael det. (QCAZ-I 3386 – 3387).

1 ♂♂ (dissected, terminalia in microvial),

Ecuador, Loja, Cajanuma, 2 675 m, 4°6'53.7''S,

79°10'54.6''W, 19 Nov. 2015, A. Peñafiel col., A.

Peñafiel & V. Rafael det. (QCAZ-I 3388). 4 ♂♂

(dissected, terminalia in microvial), Ecuador,

Napo, Río Guango, 2548 m, 00°32'14''S,

77°10'13.4''W, 27 Sep. 2016, A.B. Manzano col.,

A. Peñafiel & V. Rafael det. (QCAZ-I 251244 –

251247).

Diagnosis.- Aristae with 4 dorsal and 2 ventral

branches. One prominent oral bristle. Thorax

yellowish brown. Wings yellow. Abdomen

yellow with dorsal midline, 1

tergite yellowish

brown, 2

to 4

tergites with triangular

pigmentation which reaches the anterior edge of

each tergite, 5

and 6

tergites slightly

pigmented. Cerci partially fused to epandrium.

Aedeagus slightly sclerotized and elongated,

apex pointed. Paraphyses triangular bearing one

bristle. Hypandrium V-shaped, slightly

sclerotized. Gonopod elongated bearing one

bristle.

Male description.- Holotype external

morphology: total length (body + wings) 5,55

mm, body length 3,70 mm. Body color yellowish

brown.

Head.- Aristae with 4 dorsal and 2 ventral

branches plus terminal fork and small hairs.

Orbital plate yellowish brown, frontal length 0,36

(0,31 – 0,35) mm; frontal index= 0,8 (0,89 –

0,93); top to bottom width ratio = 1,64 (1,56 –

1,72). Medial vertical seta closer to lateral

vertical seta and towards the outer edge of the

orbital plate; distance from or1 to or3 0,11 (0,09

– 0,11) mm, distance from or3 to vtm 0,13 (0,13

– 0,16) mm; or1-or3 ratio = 0,88, or2-or1 ratio =

0,33, distance from ocellar setae 86,1 % of frontal

length, distance from postocellar setae 69,4 (65,7

– 85,2) % of frontal length. Ocellar triangle, 47,2

(42,8 – 45,1) % of frontal length. vt index = 1,02.

Cheek index = 5,90 (7 – 9,4). One prominent oral

bristle, vibrissal index = 0,38 (0,45 – 0,5). Carina

not sulcate and not prominent. Eyes red, eye

index = 1,71 (1,02 – 1,5).

Thorax.- Yellowish brown, thorax length 1,11

(1,06 – 1,28) mm, with acrostichal hairs in 7 rows

between the two anterior dorsocentral setae, h

index = 1,32. Transverse distance of

dorsocentrals 1,82x (1,62x – 1,72x) longitudinal

distance, dc index = 0,61. Distance between

apical scutellar setae 90 (75 – 86,9) % of that

between apical and basal setae. Scut index = 1,05.

Medial katepisternal ¼ of the previous, sterno

index = 4,14.

Legs yellow.

Wings yellow. Alar length 3,73 (3,45 – 3,96) mm,

alar width 1,57 (1,44 – 1,71) mm. Alar indices:

alar = 2,37 (2,19 – 2,44); C = 5,34 (4,32 – 6,2);

ac = 1,51 (1,6 – 2,23); hb = 0,32 (0,24 – 0,33); 4c

= 0,44 (0,42 – 0,53); 4v = 1,35 (1,30 – 1,48); 5x

= 1,17 (1,21 – 1,69); M = 0,35 (0,37 – 0,4) and

prox. x= 0,49 (0,40 – 0,59).

Abdomen.- Yellow with dorsal midline, 1

tergite yellowish brown, from 2

to 4

tergites

with triangular pigmentation which reaches the

anterior edge of each tergite, 5

and 6

tergites

slightly pigmented (Figure 11A).

Male terminalia.- Cerci partially fused to

epandrium. Surstylus rectangular and

microtrichose, with 12 primary teeth on the right

and 11 on the left side and 15 marginal bristles

(Figure 11B). Hypandrium V-shaped slightly

sclerotized, with anterior stretch-marks.

Gonopod elongated bearing one bristle (Figure

11C).

Aedeagus.- Slightly sclerotized and elongated,

apex pointed. Paraphyses triangular bearing one

bristle. Ventral rod undeveloped. Aedeagal

apodeme sclerotized and straight (Figure 11D-F).

124

REMCB 39 (2):105-127

Figure 11. Drosophila taki sp. nov. Holotype ♂ A Abdomen B Epandrium, cerci, surstylus, decasternum C

Hypandrium and gonopods in ventral view D, E, F Aedeagus and paraphyses in ventral, lateral and dorsal view,

respectively.

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Eight new species of Drosophila

Peñafiel and Rafael 2018

Etymology.- In the Kichwa language taki = song.

The city of Loja near to the collection point of

this species, is the birthplace of many Ecuadorian

musicians. Loja is considered the musical capital

of Ecuador.

Distribution.- Drosophila taki is known from

two localities (elevation range is 2 548–2 800 m)

from Loja Province, Podocarpus National Park

and Napo Province, Río Guango.

Biology.- Unknown. The type specimen was in

the banana-bait traps placed at the locality, which

suggest that this species is a fermented fruit

feeder as many other Drosophila species. The

habitat is a well-preserved montane forest.

Relationship.- This species belongs to the genus

Drosophila. There is not an appropriate species-

group where this species could be placed. Also,

there is not a similar species.

DISCUSSION

Eight new species of Drosophila have been

described from southern Ecuador. They were

grouped in Drosophila genus. They share the

diagnosis characters of the genus Drosophila

proposed by Sturtevant 1942. The arista is

plumose. They have three orbital setae, one

proclinate and two reclinate, three katepisternal

setae; the 2

is always smaller than the 1

seta.

The scutellar setae are in two pairs and the

acrostichal setulae are in rows of six or more

setae. The species Drosophila kingmani sp. nov.,

Drosophila malacatus sp. nov., Drosophila

millmasapa sp. nov., Drosophila pichka sp. nov.,

Drosophila rusaryu sp. nov. and Drosophila taki

sp. nov. could not be assigned to any of the

recognized species groups of the genus

Drosophila.

The eight new species have been compared with

the original descriptions of the Andean species

described by Duda (1927) and redescribed by

Vilela and Bächli (1990). Since six of the

descriptions of our new species were based only

in males, and the descriptions of the species of

Duda are based in females. The external

morphology of each fly was compared with the

descriptions and redescriptions of D. canescens

Duda, 1927; D. fuscipennis Duda, 1927; D.

latebuccata Duda, 1927; D. latecarinata Duda,

1927; D. obscuricolor Duda, 1927; D. peruviana

Duda, 1927; D. pictifrons Duda, 1927; D.

pulverea Duda, 1927; D. scioptera Duda, 1927

and D. strigiventris Duda, 1927. After comparing

we conclude that the new species described in the

present paper do not correspond with the Andean

species described by Duda in 1927.

Drosophila shunku is closely related to

Drosophila shunkuku. Both species share similar

external morphologically characters. Therefore

both species form a cluster. The main differences

are in the male and female terminalia. Drosophila

shunku has a voluminous aedeagus with an

obvious ventral opening, while Drosophila

shunkuku has a thinner aedeagus and the opening

is smaller and is located almost at the tip of the

aedeagus (as the blue arrow shows in figure 10D).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador

provided the founding for this research, and is

part of the projects L13240 and M1347. The

Ministry of Environment of Ecuador provided

research permits N°003-15IC-FAU-DNB/MA

and MAE-DNB-CM-2016-0030. We would like

to express our gratitude to Ana Belén Manzano

and David Encalada who provided the paratypes

of some species.

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