Genetic structuring of samples of the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Ecuador
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Abstract
The chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which causes chytridiomycosis, has contributed to the decline of amphibian populations worldwide. The objective of this research was to study the genetic variability of this fungus from samples from different localities to determine if Bd has been recently introduced or is native to Ecuador. We analyzed the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of the fungus.
Eleven haplotypes were found for Ecuador; of which six were unique to the country, suggesting that they may be endemic. Analyses of genetic diversity indicate that there was little genetic variability in the Bd samples analyzed, which would suggest a recent introduction of the pathogen. However, while there was no geographic pattern of differentiation or host association between haplotypes, the diversity found suggests that there may have been multiple independent introductions of the fungus into the country, but relatively recently
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1.
Vizcaíno M del C, Barnes C, Ordóñez ME. Genetic structuring of samples of the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Ecuador. REMCB [Internet]. 2017Aug.14 [cited 2024Jul.3];34(1-2):47-1. Available from: https://remcb-puce.edu.ec/remcb/article/view/235
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Artículos Científicos
References
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Clement M, Posada D y Crandall K. 2000. TCS: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies. Molecular Ecology,9(10): 1657–1660.
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Drummond AJ, Ashton B, Buxton S, Cheung M, Cooper A, Duran C, Field M, Heled J, Kearse M, Markowitz S, Moir R, Stones–Havas S, Sturrock S, Thierer T y Wilson A. 2010. Geneious v 5.4.6. Página de Internet: http://www.geneious.com/ Consultada 12-diciembre-2012.
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Gaertner J, Forstner M, O’Donnell y Hahn D. 2009. Detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidisin endemic salamander species from central Texas. EcoHealth,6: 20–26.
Goka K, Yokoyama J, Une Y, Kuroki T, Suzuki K, Nakahara M, Kobayashi A, Inaba S, Mizutani T y Hyatt A. 2009. Amphibian chytridiomycosis in Japan: distribution, haplotypes, and possible route of entry into Japan. Molecular Ecology, 18: 4757–4774.
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La Marca E y Lötters S. 1997. Monitoring of declines in Venezuela Atelopus (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae). En W. Bohme, W. Bischoff & T. Ziegler (eds.). Herpetologia Bonnensis. Bonn. Germany: Museum Alexander Koenig, pp. 207–213.
Longcore J, Pessier A y Nichols D. 1999. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis gen. et sp. nov., a chytrid pathogenic to amphibians. Mycology, 91: 219–227.
McCracken S, Gaertner J, Forstner J y Hahn D. 2009. Detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in amphibians from the forest floor to the upper canopy of an Ecuadorian amazon low land rainforest. Herpetological Review, 40: 190–195.
Maddison W P y Maddison D R. 2010. Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 2.73. Página de Internet: http://mesquiteproject.org/ Consultada 12-diciembre-2012.
Manzano A. 2010. Variación estacional en la prevalencia de Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis en una población lar-varia de la rana marsupial Gastrotheca riobambae (Anura: Hemiphractidae) en Quito. Tesis de Ingeniería en Biotecno-logía, Escuela Politécnica del Ejército, Quito, Ecuador
Farrer RA, Weinert LA, Bielby J, Trenton W, Garner J, Balloux F, Clare F, Bosch J, Cunningham AA, Weldon C, du Preez LH, Anderson L, KosakovskyPond SL, Shahar-Golan R, Henk DA y Fisher MC. 2011. Multiple emergences of genetically diverse amphibian infecting chytrids include a globalized hypervirulent recombinant lineage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,108:18732–18736
Merino-Viteri A. 2001. Análisis de las posibles causas de las disminucionesde poblaciones de anfibios en Los Andes del Ecuador. Tesis deLicenciatura en Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
Bai Ch, Trenton WJ, Garner T y Li Y. 2010. First evidence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in China: discovery of chytridiomycosis in introduced American bullfrogs and native am-phibians in the Yunnan Province, China. Ecohealth, 7(1): 127–134
Berger L, Speare R y Hyatt A. 1999. Chytrid fungi and amphibian declines: overview, implications, and future directions. En: Campbell, A. (ed.) Declines and disappearances of Australian frogs. Environment Australia, pp. 23–33, Canberra, Australia.
Bustamante M, Ron S y Coloma L. 2005. Cambios en la diversidad en siete comunidades de anuros en Los Andes de Ecuador. Biotropica,37: 180–189.
Clement M, Posada D y Crandall K. 2000. TCS: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies. Molecular Ecology,9(10): 1657–1660.
Collins J y Crump M. 2009. Extinction in Our Times. Oxford University Press, Nueva York, EEUU. 273 pp
Coloma L, Lötters S y Salas A. 2000. Taxonomy of the Atelopus ignescens complex (Anura:Bufonidae): designation of a neotipe of Atelopus ignescens and recognition of Atelopus exiguus. Herpetologica,56: 303–324.
Coloma L. 1996. Systematics, morphology and relationship of Atelopus(Anura:Bufonidae). En: Program notes and abstracts of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of the Amphibians and Reptiles, pp. 47. The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.
Coloma L. 1995. Ecuadorian frogs of the genus Colostethus (Anura:Dendro-batidae). Miscellaneous publications of the Natural History Museum, Univer-sity of Kansas, No. 87.
Drummond AJ, Ashton B, Buxton S, Cheung M, Cooper A, Duran C, Field M, Heled J, Kearse M, Markowitz S, Moir R, Stones–Havas S, Sturrock S, Thierer T y Wilson A. 2010. Geneious v 5.4.6. Página de Internet: http://www.geneious.com/ Consultada 12-diciembre-2012.
Federici S, Clemenzi S, Favelli M, Tessa G, Andreone F, Casiraghi M y Crottini A. 2009. Identification of the pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in amphibian populations of a plain area in the Northwest of Italy. Herpetology Notes, 1: 33–37.
Fisher M, Garner T y Walker S. 2009. Global emergence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and amphibian chytridiomycosis in space, time and host. Annual Review of Microbiology, 63: 291–310.
Gaertner J, Forstner M, O’Donnell y Hahn D. 2009. Detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidisin endemic salamander species from central Texas. EcoHealth,6: 20–26.
Goka K, Yokoyama J, Une Y, Kuroki T, Suzuki K, Nakahara M, Kobayashi A, Inaba S, Mizutani T y Hyatt A. 2009. Amphibian chytridiomycosis in Japan: distribution, haplotypes, and possible route of entry into Japan. Molecular Ecology, 18: 4757–4774.
James T, Litvintseva A, Vilgalys R, Mor-gan J, Taylor J, Fisher M, Berger L, Weldom C, Preez L y Longcore J. 2009. Rapid global expansion of the fungal disease chytridiomycosis into declining and healthy amphibians populations. PLoS Pathogens, 5(5): e10000458.
Kaiser K y Pollinger J. 2012. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis shows high genetic diversity and ecological niche specificity among haplotypes in the Maya mountains of Belize. Plos One,7: e32113.
La Marca E y Lötters S. 1997. Monitoring of declines in Venezuela Atelopus (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae). En W. Bohme, W. Bischoff & T. Ziegler (eds.). Herpetologia Bonnensis. Bonn. Germany: Museum Alexander Koenig, pp. 207–213.
Longcore J, Pessier A y Nichols D. 1999. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis gen. et sp. nov., a chytrid pathogenic to amphibians. Mycology, 91: 219–227.
McCracken S, Gaertner J, Forstner J y Hahn D. 2009. Detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in amphibians from the forest floor to the upper canopy of an Ecuadorian amazon low land rainforest. Herpetological Review, 40: 190–195.
Maddison W P y Maddison D R. 2010. Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 2.73. Página de Internet: http://mesquiteproject.org/ Consultada 12-diciembre-2012.
Manzano A. 2010. Variación estacional en la prevalencia de Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis en una población lar-varia de la rana marsupial Gastrotheca riobambae (Anura: Hemiphractidae) en Quito. Tesis de Ingeniería en Biotecno-logía, Escuela Politécnica del Ejército, Quito, Ecuador
Farrer RA, Weinert LA, Bielby J, Trenton W, Garner J, Balloux F, Clare F, Bosch J, Cunningham AA, Weldon C, du Preez LH, Anderson L, KosakovskyPond SL, Shahar-Golan R, Henk DA y Fisher MC. 2011. Multiple emergences of genetically diverse amphibian infecting chytrids include a globalized hypervirulent recombinant lineage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,108:18732–18736
Merino-Viteri A. 2001. Análisis de las posibles causas de las disminucionesde poblaciones de anfibios en Los Andes del Ecuador. Tesis deLicenciatura en Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.