The walking of genes and the molecular clock: Reality of Ecuador
Article Sidebar
Published:
Nov 15, 2018
Keywords:
molecular clock, population origin, genes and populations
Main Article Content
Abstract
Conventional and molecular genetics have accumulated enough data about global human populations; for that reason, at the present time it is possible to unravel the trustworthy origin of each human group. A series of genetic markers have allowed to trace the origin and human migration. STRs, Indels, Mitochondria, Chromosome And, among the most used, they give an account of the trajectory of humanity and the settlement of the planet. Modern genetics shows us the population composition of diverse variants of genes and non-informative sequences; thus today they allow us to better understand and even classify population groups as ethnic groups. Although, the DNA is the same for all humans, non-essential sequences show different frequencies of presentation according to the ethnic group. Additionally, through the study of genetic markers, we can calculate migratory times and the time of origin and expansion of humans; what is called the molecular clock. This article addresses some of the current knowledge in population genetics, ethnicity and genetic times, and even presents real data on DNA analysis.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Article Details
How to Cite
1.
Paz-y-Miño C, Zambrano AK, Leone PE. The walking of genes and the molecular clock: Reality of Ecuador. REMCB [Internet]. 2018Nov.15 [cited 2024Jul.3];39(2). Available from: https://remcb-puce.edu.ec/remcb/article/view/645
Section
Artículos de Revisión
References
Baeta M, Núñez C, Sosa C, Bolea M, Casalod Y, González-Andrade F, … Martínez-Jarreta B. 2012. Mitochondrial diversity in Amerindian Kichwa and Mestizo populations from Ecuador. International Journal of Legal Medicine. 126(2): 299-302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-011-0656-4
Bromham L, Penny D. 2003. The modern molecular clock. Nature Reviews Genetics. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg1020
Chen F.-C, Li W.-H. 2001. Genomic Divergences between Humans and Other Hominoids and the Effective Population Size of the Common Ancestor of Humans and Chimpanzees. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 68(2): 444–456. https://doi.org/10.1086/318206
Chorev M, Carmel L. 2012. The function of introns. Frontiers in Genetics. 3: 55. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2012.00055
Devany E, Park J - Y, Murphy M. R, Zakusilo G, Baquero J, Zhang X, … Kleiman F. E. 2016. Intronic cleavage and polyadenylation regulates gene expression during DNA damage response through U1 snRNA. Cell Discovery. 213(10). https://doi.org/10.1038/celldisc.2016.13
Elhaik E, Tatarinova T, Chebotarev D, Piras I. S, Maria Calò C, De Montis A, … Ziegle J. S. 2014. Geographic population structure analysis of worldwide human populations infers their biogeographical origins. Nature Communications. 5:3513. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4513
Francis K. A. 2007. Charles Darwin and the Origin of Species. Retrieved from http://www.evolbiol.ru/docs/docs/large_files/cha rles_darwin.pdf
Fu Q, Mittnik A, Johnson P. L. F, Bos K, Lari M, Bollongino R, … Krause J. 2013. A Revised Timescale for Human Evolution Based on Ancient Mitochondrial Genomes. Current Biology. 23(7): 553–559.
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CUB.2013.02.044
Galtier N, Nabholz B, Glémin S, Hurst G. D. D. 2009. Mitochondrial DNA as a marker of molecular diversity: a reappraisal. Molecular Ecology, 18(22): 4541–4550. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365- 294X.2009.04380.x
Gaviria A, Sánchez M. E, Morejón G, Vela M, Aguirre V, Burgos G, … Paz-y-Miño C. 2013. Characterization and Haplotype analysis of 11 Y- STR loci in Ecuadorian population. Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series. 4(1): 310–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigss.2013.10.158
Hasegawa M, Kishino H, Yano T. aki. 1985. Dating of the human-ape splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA. Journal of Molecular Evolution. 22(2): 160–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02101694
Ho S. Y. W, Duchêne S. 2014. Molecular-clock models for estimating evolutionary rates and timescales. Molecular Ecology. 23(24): 5947–65. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5a09/0efbb7961 7f73903c544c9184a2960b52327.pdf
Ho S. Y. W, Larson G. 2006. Molecular clocks: when times are a-changin’. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2005.11.006
Jo B.-S, Choi S. 2015. Introns: The Functional Benefits of Introns in Genomes. Genomics Inform. 13(4): 112–118. https://doi.org/10.5808/GI.2015.13.4.112
Jota M. S, Lacerda D. R, Sandoval J. R, Vieira P. P. R, Ohasi D, Santos-Júnior J. E, … Santos F. R. 2016. New native South American Y chromosome lineages. Journal of Human Genetics. 61(7):593–603. https://doi.org/10.1038/jhg.2016.26
Kivisild T. 2015. Maternal ancestry and population history from whole mitochondrial genomes. Investigative Genetics. 6: 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13323-015-0022-2
Lanfear R, Welch J. J, Bromham L. 2010. Watching the clock: Studying variation in rates of molecular evolution between species. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.06.007
Lynch M. 2010. Evolution of the mutation rate. Trends in Genetics. 26: 345–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2010.05.003
Ovchinnikov I. V, Götherström A, Romanova G. P, Kharitonov V. M, Lidén K, Goodwin W. 1997. 1,2,3. New York. 6–8.
Retrieved from https://www.promega.co.uk/~/media/files/resour ces/conference proceedings/ishi 11/oral presentations/goodwin.pdf
Paz-y-Miño C, Cumbal N, Araujo S, Sánchez M. E. 2012. Alterations and Chromosomal Variants in the Ecuadorian Population. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 2012: 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/432302
Paz-y-Miño C, Guillen Sacoto M. J, Leone P. E. 2016. Genetics and genomic medicine in Ecuador. Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine. 4(1): 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/mgg3.192
Paz-y-Miño C. 2014. La Historia del Ecuador contada por los genes. Historia de las Ciencias del Ecuador. 29-41p
Pereira R, Phillips C, Pinto N, Santos C, dos Santos S. E. B, Amorim A, … Gusmão L. 2012. Straightforward inference of ancestry and admixture proportions through ancestry- informative insertion deletion multiplexing. PLoS ONE, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029684
Pickrell J. K, Reich D. 2014. Toward a new history and geography of human genes informed by ancient DNA. Trends in Genetics : TIG. 30(9): 377–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2014.07.007
Rito T, Richards M. B, Fernandes V, Alshamali F, Cerny V, Pereira L, Soares P. 2013. The first modern human dispersals across Africa. PloS One. 8(11): e80031. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080031
Sánchez M. E, Burgos G, Gaviria A, Aguirre V, Vela M, Leone P. E, Paz-y-Miño C. 2015. Y STRs mutation events in father-son pairs in Ecuadorian individuals. Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series. 5: e310–e311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigss.2015.09.123
Sigurðardóttir S, Helgason A, Gulcher J. R, K, Donnelly P. 2000. The Mutation Rate in the Human mtDNA Control Region. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 66(5): 1599–1609. https://doi.org/10.1086/302902
Stern D. L, Orgogozo V. 2008. The loci of evolution: How predictable is genetic evolution? Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558- 5646.2008.00450.x
Strausbaugh L, Sakelaris S. 2001. DNA and Early Human HistoryNeandertals and Early Humans: But Did They Mate? Retrieved from http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/dna.nean.pdf
Toscanini U, Gaviria A, Pardo-Seco J, Gómez- Carballa A, Moscoso F, Vela M, … Salas A. 2018. The geographic mosaic of Ecuadorian Y- chromosome ancestry. Forensic Science International: Genetics. 33(June 2017): 59–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.11.011
Wilke C. O, Wang J. L, Ofria C, Lenski R. E, Adami C. 2001. Evolution of digital organisms at high mutation rates leads to survival of the flattest. Nature. 412(6844): 331–333. https://doi.org/10.1038/35085569
Zambrano A. K, Gaviria A, Vela M, Cobos S, Leone P. E, Gruezo C, … Paz-y-Miño C. 2017. Ancestry characterization of Ecuador’s Highland mestizo population using autosomal AIM- INDELs. Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series. 6: e477–e478. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FSIGSS.2017.09.191
Bromham L, Penny D. 2003. The modern molecular clock. Nature Reviews Genetics. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg1020
Chen F.-C, Li W.-H. 2001. Genomic Divergences between Humans and Other Hominoids and the Effective Population Size of the Common Ancestor of Humans and Chimpanzees. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 68(2): 444–456. https://doi.org/10.1086/318206
Chorev M, Carmel L. 2012. The function of introns. Frontiers in Genetics. 3: 55. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2012.00055
Devany E, Park J - Y, Murphy M. R, Zakusilo G, Baquero J, Zhang X, … Kleiman F. E. 2016. Intronic cleavage and polyadenylation regulates gene expression during DNA damage response through U1 snRNA. Cell Discovery. 213(10). https://doi.org/10.1038/celldisc.2016.13
Elhaik E, Tatarinova T, Chebotarev D, Piras I. S, Maria Calò C, De Montis A, … Ziegle J. S. 2014. Geographic population structure analysis of worldwide human populations infers their biogeographical origins. Nature Communications. 5:3513. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4513
Francis K. A. 2007. Charles Darwin and the Origin of Species. Retrieved from http://www.evolbiol.ru/docs/docs/large_files/cha rles_darwin.pdf
Fu Q, Mittnik A, Johnson P. L. F, Bos K, Lari M, Bollongino R, … Krause J. 2013. A Revised Timescale for Human Evolution Based on Ancient Mitochondrial Genomes. Current Biology. 23(7): 553–559.
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CUB.2013.02.044
Galtier N, Nabholz B, Glémin S, Hurst G. D. D. 2009. Mitochondrial DNA as a marker of molecular diversity: a reappraisal. Molecular Ecology, 18(22): 4541–4550. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365- 294X.2009.04380.x
Gaviria A, Sánchez M. E, Morejón G, Vela M, Aguirre V, Burgos G, … Paz-y-Miño C. 2013. Characterization and Haplotype analysis of 11 Y- STR loci in Ecuadorian population. Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series. 4(1): 310–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigss.2013.10.158
Hasegawa M, Kishino H, Yano T. aki. 1985. Dating of the human-ape splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA. Journal of Molecular Evolution. 22(2): 160–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02101694
Ho S. Y. W, Duchêne S. 2014. Molecular-clock models for estimating evolutionary rates and timescales. Molecular Ecology. 23(24): 5947–65. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5a09/0efbb7961 7f73903c544c9184a2960b52327.pdf
Ho S. Y. W, Larson G. 2006. Molecular clocks: when times are a-changin’. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2005.11.006
Jo B.-S, Choi S. 2015. Introns: The Functional Benefits of Introns in Genomes. Genomics Inform. 13(4): 112–118. https://doi.org/10.5808/GI.2015.13.4.112
Jota M. S, Lacerda D. R, Sandoval J. R, Vieira P. P. R, Ohasi D, Santos-Júnior J. E, … Santos F. R. 2016. New native South American Y chromosome lineages. Journal of Human Genetics. 61(7):593–603. https://doi.org/10.1038/jhg.2016.26
Kivisild T. 2015. Maternal ancestry and population history from whole mitochondrial genomes. Investigative Genetics. 6: 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13323-015-0022-2
Lanfear R, Welch J. J, Bromham L. 2010. Watching the clock: Studying variation in rates of molecular evolution between species. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.06.007
Lynch M. 2010. Evolution of the mutation rate. Trends in Genetics. 26: 345–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2010.05.003
Ovchinnikov I. V, Götherström A, Romanova G. P, Kharitonov V. M, Lidén K, Goodwin W. 1997. 1,2,3. New York. 6–8.
Retrieved from https://www.promega.co.uk/~/media/files/resour ces/conference proceedings/ishi 11/oral presentations/goodwin.pdf
Paz-y-Miño C, Cumbal N, Araujo S, Sánchez M. E. 2012. Alterations and Chromosomal Variants in the Ecuadorian Population. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 2012: 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/432302
Paz-y-Miño C, Guillen Sacoto M. J, Leone P. E. 2016. Genetics and genomic medicine in Ecuador. Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine. 4(1): 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/mgg3.192
Paz-y-Miño C. 2014. La Historia del Ecuador contada por los genes. Historia de las Ciencias del Ecuador. 29-41p
Pereira R, Phillips C, Pinto N, Santos C, dos Santos S. E. B, Amorim A, … Gusmão L. 2012. Straightforward inference of ancestry and admixture proportions through ancestry- informative insertion deletion multiplexing. PLoS ONE, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029684
Pickrell J. K, Reich D. 2014. Toward a new history and geography of human genes informed by ancient DNA. Trends in Genetics : TIG. 30(9): 377–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2014.07.007
Rito T, Richards M. B, Fernandes V, Alshamali F, Cerny V, Pereira L, Soares P. 2013. The first modern human dispersals across Africa. PloS One. 8(11): e80031. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080031
Sánchez M. E, Burgos G, Gaviria A, Aguirre V, Vela M, Leone P. E, Paz-y-Miño C. 2015. Y STRs mutation events in father-son pairs in Ecuadorian individuals. Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series. 5: e310–e311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigss.2015.09.123
Sigurðardóttir S, Helgason A, Gulcher J. R, K, Donnelly P. 2000. The Mutation Rate in the Human mtDNA Control Region. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 66(5): 1599–1609. https://doi.org/10.1086/302902
Stern D. L, Orgogozo V. 2008. The loci of evolution: How predictable is genetic evolution? Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558- 5646.2008.00450.x
Strausbaugh L, Sakelaris S. 2001. DNA and Early Human HistoryNeandertals and Early Humans: But Did They Mate? Retrieved from http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/dna.nean.pdf
Toscanini U, Gaviria A, Pardo-Seco J, Gómez- Carballa A, Moscoso F, Vela M, … Salas A. 2018. The geographic mosaic of Ecuadorian Y- chromosome ancestry. Forensic Science International: Genetics. 33(June 2017): 59–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.11.011
Wilke C. O, Wang J. L, Ofria C, Lenski R. E, Adami C. 2001. Evolution of digital organisms at high mutation rates leads to survival of the flattest. Nature. 412(6844): 331–333. https://doi.org/10.1038/35085569
Zambrano A. K, Gaviria A, Vela M, Cobos S, Leone P. E, Gruezo C, … Paz-y-Miño C. 2017. Ancestry characterization of Ecuador’s Highland mestizo population using autosomal AIM- INDELs. Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series. 6: e477–e478. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FSIGSS.2017.09.191