Antimicrobial susceptibility and detection of virulence genes in clinical isolates of Shigella spp.
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Abstract
The genus Shigella includes S. flexneri, S. sonnei, S. boydii and S. dysenteriae, which are producers of shigelosis. The genus are characterized due to multidrug resistance to antibiotics and a variety of virulence factors that allow the infection to host. The objective of this study was to establish the antibiotic susceptibility and detection of virulence genes in clinical isolates of Shigella spp.: invasion plasmid antigen H (ipaH), invasion-associated locus (ial), Shigella toxin (Stx), Shigella enterotoxin 1A (set1A), and Shigella enterotoxin 1B (set1B). We analyzed 79 strains from “Zurita & Zurita Laboratorios” and “Hospital Vozandes”. Three species were identified: S. flexneri (64.6 %), S. sonnei (29.1 %), and S. boydii (6.3 %) by antiserum agglutination. The antimicrobial susceptibility was performed by following the disk diffusion method and recommendations of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). High resistance was observed to tetracycline (96.2 %), ampicillin (94.9 %), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (86.1 %), and chloramphenicol (84.8 %). No resistance was identified to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and azitromicin. The analysis of the presence of virulence genes was performed using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). A high prevalence of genes ipaH (91.1 %) and ial (82.3 %) was determined, the encoding genes of enterotoxin 1 (set1 and set1B) were found in 35.4 % of the isolates. The results demonstrate the existence of multidrug resistances to antibiotics and virulent strains of the genus Shigella.
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Villacrés I, Alcocer I, Zurita J, Rodríguez Riglos M. Antimicrobial susceptibility and detection of virulence genes in clinical isolates of Shigella spp. REMCB [Internet]. 2017Aug.15 [cited 2024Jul.3];36(1-2):67-6. Available from: https://remcb-puce.edu.ec/remcb/article/view/266
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References
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Zurita J. 2012. Datos de Resistencia Bacteriana en el Ecuador. En: Resistencia Bacteriana en el Ecuador. 49-78. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador. Centro de Publicaciones. Quito, Ecuador.
Bassa A, Dadie A, Guessennd N, Gbonon V, Dako E, Dje M y Dosso M. 2010. Virulence Factors and Resistance Profile of Shigella Isolated During Infectious Diarrhea in Abidjan, Côte D’Ivoire. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 6 (6):594-599.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2015. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; Twenty-fifth. Informational Supplement, CLSI document. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA. 240 pp.
Difco. 2011. Manual Difco Shigella Antisera Poly O. Becton, Dickinson and Company. County Clare, Ireland. pp. 11-13.
Difco. 2003. Manual of Microbiological Culture Media. BD Diagnostic Systems. USA 696 pp.
Edwards P y Edwing W. 1972. Identification of Enterobacteriaceae. Third edition. Burgers Publ. Co. Minneapolis, United States of America.
Fusano A, Noriega F, Maneval D, Chanasongcram S, Russell R, Guandalini S y Levine M. 1995. Shigella enterotoxin 1: an enterotoxin of Shigella flexneri 2a active in rabbit small intestine in vivo and in vitro. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 95:2853-2861.
Guerrant RL, Hughes JM y Lima J. 1999. Diarrhea in developing countries: magnitude, special setting and etiologies. Journal of Infectious Diseases Supplement, 1:S41.
Hale T. 1991. Genetic basis of virulence in Shigella species. Microbiological Reviews, 2:206-224.
Henhly H, Sheff D y Stamnes M. 1996. Shiga toxin facilitates its retrograde transport by modifying microtubules dynamics. Molecular Biology Cell, 17:4379-4389.
INEC. 2009. Anuario de Estadísticas Hospitalarias: Camas y Egresos. Diez principales causas de morbilidad. Lista Internacional Detallada-CIE-10.
Jiménez K y Achí R. 2009. Interacciones celulares en el proceso de invasión de Shigella spp. Revista Panamericana de Infectología, 11 (2):56-61.
Klotloff KL, Winickoff JP, Ivanoff B, Clemens JD, Swerdlow DL, Sandonetti PJ, Adak GK y Levine MM. 1999. Carga mundial de infecciones por Shigella: implicaciones para el desarrollo de vacunas y la aplicación de estrategias de control. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 77 (8):651-666.
Lin Thong K, Ling Hoe S, Puthucheary S y Yasin R. 2005. Detection of virulence genes in Malaysian Shigella species by multiplex PCR assay. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 5:5-8.
Lüscher D y Altewegg M. 1994. Detection of Shigellae, enteroinvasive and enterotoxigenic E. coli in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in patient returning from tropical countries. Molecular and Cellular Probes, 8:285-290.
Malhotra-Kumar S, Lammens C, Piessens, J y Goossens H. 2005. Multiplex PCR for Simultaneous Detection of Macrolide and Tetracycline Resistance Determinants in Streptococci. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 49 (11): 4798–4800.
Mandell GL, Bennett JE y Dolin R. 2009. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 7th edition. Philadelphia, USA. Chap. 224.
Merino A, Hreñuk E, Ronconi M y Alonso M. 2004. Resistencia a antibióticos y epidemiología molecular de Shigella spp. en el nordeste argentino. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 15 (4):219-24.
Mota I, Varela G, Gadea M, Caffer M, Sirok A y Schelotto F. 2005. Serotipos, perfil plasmídico y antibiotipos de cepas de Shigella flexneri aisladas de niños menores de 5 años con diarrea sanguinolenta usuarios de los servicios de Salud Pública. Revista Médica de Uruguay, 21:30-36.
Noriega F, Liao FM, Maneval DR y Ren S. 1999. Formal SB and Levine M: Strategy for cross protection among Shigella flexneri serotypes. Infection & Immunity, 67(2):782-788.
Ocampo D, Rahman, G, Giugno S, Risso P y Rubinstein A. Vulvovaginitis in a pediatric population: relationship among etiologic agents, age and Tanner staging of breast development. 2014. Archivos argentinos de pediatría, 112(1):65-74.
Organización Panamericana de la Salud. 2009. Informe Anual de la Red de Monitoreo/ Vigilancia de la Resistencia a los Antibióticos. Basilia- Brasil.
Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2010 http://www.who.int/topics/shigella/es/ [Consultado 6 de agosto de 2011].
Ramírez M, Valdés N, Bravo L, Fernández A y Castañeda N. 2004. Perfil plasmídico resistencia antimicrobiana en cepas de Shigella aisladas en Cuba. Revista Cubana de Medicina Tropical, 56(3):178-85.
Replogle M, Fleming D y Cieslak O. 2000. Emergence of Antimicrobial-Resistance Shigellosis in Oregon. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 30:515-9.
Saurina G, Quale JM y Manikal VM. 2000. Antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in Brooklyn, NY: epidemiology and relation to antibiotic usage patterns. Journal Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 45:895-8.
Silva T, Nogueira A, Magalhaes F, Fagundes A Pereira, L y Puccinelli P. 2008. Characterization of Shigella spp. by antimicrobial resistance and PCR detection of ipa genes in an infantile population from Porto Velho (western Amazon region), Brazil. Memorias del Instituto Osxaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 103 (7):731-733.
Terragno R, Caffer M y Binsztein N. 2007. Manual de procedimientos, diagnóstico y caracterización de Shigella spp. Departamento de Bacteriología. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas. A.N.L.I.S. “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”. Centro Regional de Referencia del WHO Global Salm Surv para América del Sur.
Vila J, Gascón J, Abadía S, Gómez J, Marco F y Moreno A. 1994. Antimicrobial resistance of Shigella isolates causing traveler’s diarrhea. Antimicrobiological Agents Chemotherapy, 38(11):2668-70.
Vargas M, Gascon J, Jiménez de Anta M y Vila J. 1999. Prevalence of Shigella Enterotoxins 1 and 2 among Shigella Strains Isolated from Patients with Traveler’s Diarrhea. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 37 (11): 3608-3611.
WHO. 2011. 10 facts on antibmicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance. Fact sheet N°194. Disponible en: http://www.who.int/ mediacentre/factsheets/fs194/en/index.html [Consultado 6 de agosto de 2011].
Zurita J. 2012. Datos de Resistencia Bacteriana en el Ecuador. En: Resistencia Bacteriana en el Ecuador. 49-78. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador. Centro de Publicaciones. Quito, Ecuador.