Análisis del potencial genotóxico y carcinógeno asociado a los cigarrillos electrónicos
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May 25, 2020
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cigarrillos, electrónicos, genotóxicos, carcinógeno.
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Diferentes estudios que comparan riesgos a la salud asociados a los usos de cigarrillos electrónicos y convencionales, se enfocan principalmente en compuesto químicos en común entre ambos sistemas. Por lo tanto, realizamos una revisión de compuestos químicos exclusivos de cigarrillos electrónicos. Los criterios de selección incluyeron artículos que reporten composición química y riesgos asociados a la salud, sin conflictos de interés. Todos los compuestos químicos fueron clasificados según el código del "Chemical Abstracts Service" para sustancias químicas. Un total de 57 compuestos fueron identificados en cigarrillos electrónicos. Para analizar los efectos carcinogénicos, un set de genes, previamente reportados como desregulados en el epitelio oral de usuarios de cigarrillos electrónicos, fueron genómicamente analizados en 32 estudios del "PanCancer Atlas". Los riesgos a la salud más importantes incluyen: irritación de tracto respiratorio, ojos y piel con un 50% de incidencia. Los tipos de cáncer con mayor riesgo identificados fueron: ovario, útero, vejiga, pulmón, esófago y estómago. A pesar de ser considerados como menos dañinos que los cigarrillos convencionales, el uso de cigarrillos electrónicos no es recomendado para ningún usuario, debido a falta de evidencia experimental.
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Armendáriz - Castillo I, Guerrero S, Vera-Guapi A, Cevallos-Vilatuña T, García-CárdenasJM, Guevara-RamírezP, López-Cortés A, Pérez-Villa A, Yumiceba V, Zambrano AK, Leone PE, Paz y Miño C. Análisis del potencial genotóxico y carcinógeno asociado a los cigarrillos electrónicos. REMCB [Internet]. 25 de mayo de 2020 [citado 17 de septiembre de 2024];41(1). Disponible en: https://remcb-puce.edu.ec/remcb/article/view/835
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Gao J, Aksoy B, A, Dogrusoz U, Dresdner G, Gross B, Sumer S, O, … Schultz N. 2013. Integrative analysis of complex cancer genomics and clinical profiles using the cBioPortal, Science Signaling 6(269) pl1, https://doi,org/10,1126/ scisignal,2004088
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Goldenson N, I, Leventhal A, M, Stone M, D, McConnell R, S, y Barrington-Trimis J, L. 2017. Associations of Electronic Cigarette Nicotine Concentration With Subsequent Cigarette Smoking and Vaping Levels in Adolescents, JAMA Pediatrics 171(12) 1192–1199, https://doi,org/10,1001/ jamapediatrics,2017,3209
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Hoadley K, A, Yau C, Hinoue T, Wolf D, M, Lazar A, J, Drill E, … Laird P, W. 2018. Cell-of-Origin Patterns Dominate the Molecular Classification of 10000 Tumors from 33 Types of Cancer, Cell 173(2) 291–304,e6, https://doi,org/10,1016/ j,cell,2018,03,022
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Hua M, Omaiye E, E, Luo W, McWhirter K, J, Pankow J, F, y Talbot P. 2019. Identification of Cytotoxic Flavor Chemicals in Top-Selling Electronic Cigarette Refill Fluids, Scientific Reports 9(1) 2782, https://doi,org/10,1038/s41598-019-38978-w
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Kim H,-J, y Shin H,-S. 2013. Determination of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in replacement liquids of electronic cigarettes by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, Journal of Chromatography, A 1291 48–55, https:// doi,org/10,1016/j,chroma,2013,03,035
Lee A, S, Hart J, L, Walker K, L, Keith R, J, y Ridner S, L. 2018. Dual Users and Electronic Cigarette Only Users: Consumption and Characteristics, International Journal of Healthcare and Medical Sciences 4(6) 111–116,
Pankow J, F, Kim K, Luo W, y McWhirter K, J. 2018. Gas/Particle Partitioning Constants of Nicotine Selected Toxicants and Flavor Chemicals in Solutions of 50/50 Propylene Glycol/Glycerol As Used in Electronic Cigarettes, Chemical Research in Toxicology 31(9) 985–990, acs,chemrestox,8b00178 https://doi,org/10,1021/
Pisinger C. 2015. A systematic review of health effects of Electronic Cigarettes, Retrieved from https://www,who,int/ t oba c c o/ i ndust ry/ produc t _re gul a t i on/ BackgroundPapersENDS3_4November-,pdf
Pisinger C, y Døssing M. 2014. A systematic review of health effects of electronic cigarettes, Preventive Medicine 69 248–260, https://doi,org/10,1016/ j,ypmed,2014,10,009
Raymond B, H, Collette-Merrill K, Harrison R, G, Jarvis S, y Rasmussen R, J. 2018. The Nicotine Content of a Sample of E-cigarette Liquid Manufactured in the United States, Journal of Addiction Medicine 12(2) 127–131, https:// doi,org/10,1097/ADM,0000000000000376
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Tommasi S, Caliri A, Caceres A, Moreno D, Li M, Chen Y, … Besaratinia A. 2019. Deregulation of Biologically Significant Genes and Associated Molecular Pathways in the Oral Epithelium of Electronic Cigarette Users, International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20(3) 738, https:// doi,org/10,3390/ijms20030738
Tsikrika S, Vakali S, Gennimata S, A, Palamidas A, Kaltsakas G, Koulouris N, y Gratziou C. 2014. Short term use of an e-cig: influence on clinical symptoms vital signs and eCO levels, Tobacco Induced Diseases, https://doi,org/10,1186/1617- 9625-12-S1-A30
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Vardavas C, I, Anagnostopoulos N, Kougias M, Evangelopoulou V, Connolly G, N, y Behrakis P, K. 2012. Short-term pulmonary effects of using an electronic cigarette: impact on respiratory flow resistance impedance and exhaled nitric oxide, Chest 141(6) 1400–1406, https://doi,org/10,1378/ chest,11-2443
Varlet V, Farsalinos K, Augsburger M, Thomas A, y Etter J,-F. 2015. Toxicity assessment of refill liquids for electronic cigarettes, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12(5) 4796–4815, https://doi,org/10,3390/ ijerph120504796
WHO. 2019. Monographs on the identification of carcinogenic hazards to humans, Retrieved from https://monographs,iarc,fr/agents-classified-by- the-iarc/
Williams M, Villarreal A, Bozhilov K, Lin S, y Talbot P. 2013. Metal and silicate particles including nanoparticles are present in electronic cigarette cartomizer fluid and aerosol, PloS One 8(3) e57987, https://doi,org/10,1371/journal,pone,0057987
Aszyk J, Wozniak M, K, Kubica P, Kot-Wasik A, Namiesnik J, y Wasik A. 2017. Comprehensive determination of flavouring additives and nicotine in e-cigarette refill solutions, Part II: Gas- chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, Journal of Chromatography, A 1517 156–164, https://doi,org/10,1016/j,chroma,2017,08,057
Bahl V, Lin S, Xu N, Davis B, Wang Y, y Talbot P. 2012. Comparison of electronic cigarette refill fluid cytotoxicity using embryonic and adult models, Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford N,Y,) 34(4) 529–537, https://doi,org/10,1016/ j,reprotox,2012,08,001
Behar R, Z, Wang Y, y Talbot P. 2018. Comparing the cytotoxicityofelectroniccigarette fluids aerosolsand solvents, Tobacco Control 27(3) 325–333, https:// doi,org/10,1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053472
Bode A, M, y Dong Z. (2015). Toxic phytochemicals and their potential risks for human cancer, Cancer Prevention Research (Philadelphia Pa,) 8(1) 1–8, https://doi,org/10,1158/1940-6207,CAPR-14-0160
Bustamante G, Ma B, Yakovlev G, Yershova K, Le C, Jensen J, … Stepanov I. 2018. Presence of the Carcinogen N′-Nitrosonornicotine in Saliva of E-cigarette Users, Chemical Research in Toxicology 31(8) 731–738, https://doi,org/10,1021/ acs,chemrestox,8b00089
Callahan-Lyon P. 2014. Electronic cigarettes: Human health effects, Tobacco control (Vol, 23 Suppl 2). https://doi,org/10,1136/ tobaccocontrol-2013-051470
Canistro D, Vivarelli F, Cirillo S, Marquillas C, B, Buschini A, Lazzaretti M, … Paolini M. 2017. E-cigarettes induce toxicological effects that can raise the cancer risk, Scientific Reports 7(1) 2028, https://doi,org/10,1038/s41598-017-02317-8
CAS. 2019. Chemical Abstracts Service, Retrieved from https://www,cas,org/
CDC. 2018. Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking, Retrieved from https://www,cdc,gov/tobacco/data_ statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_ smoking/index,htm
Cerami E, Gao J, Dogrusoz U, Gross B, E, Sumer S, O, Aksoy B, A, … Schultz N. 2012. The cBio Cancer Genomics Portal: An Open Platform for Exploring Multidimensional Cancer Genomics Data, Cancer Discovery 2(5) 401 LP-404, https:// doi,org/10,1158/2159-8290,CD-12-0095
Cheng T. 2014. Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes, Tobacco Control 23 Suppl 2(suppl 2) ii11-7, https://doi,org/10,1136/ tobaccocontrol-2013-051482
Czoli C, D, Fong G, T, Goniewicz M, L, y Hammond D. 2018. Biomarkers of exposure among “dual users” of tobacco cigarettes and electronic cigarettes in Canada, Nicotine y Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, https://doi,org/10,1093/ntr/nty174
Czoli C, D, Goniewicz M, L, Palumbo M, Leigh N, White C, M, y Hammond D. 2019. Identification of flavouring chemicals and potential toxicants in e-cigarette products in Ontario Canada, Canadian Journal of Public Health, https://doi,org/10,17269/ s41997-019-00208-1
Daniluk A, Gawlikowska-Sroka A, Stepien- Slodkowska M, Dzieciolowska-Baran E, y Michnik K. 2018. Electronic Cigarettes and Awareness of Their Health Effects, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1039 1–8, https://doi,org/10,1007/5584_2017_83
Editorial. 2019. Enlighten e-cigarettes, Nature Medicine 25(4) 531–531, https://doi,org/10,1038/ s41591-019-0431-5
Felix A, S, Yang H, P, Gierach G, L, Park Y, y Brinton L, A. 2014. Cigarette smoking and endometrial carcinoma risk: the role of effect modification and tumor heterogeneity, Cancer Causes y Control : CCC 25(4) 479–489, https:// doi,org/10,1007/s10552-014-0350-1
Gao J, Aksoy B, A, Dogrusoz U, Dresdner G, Gross B, Sumer S, O, … Schultz N. 2013. Integrative analysis of complex cancer genomics and clinical profiles using the cBioPortal, Science Signaling 6(269) pl1, https://doi,org/10,1126/ scisignal,2004088
Glantz S. 2014. 129 public health and medical authorities from 31 countries write WHO DG Chan urging evidence-based approach to ecigs, Retrieved February 1 2019 from https://tobacco,ucsf,edu/129- public-health-and-medical-authorities-31- countries-write-who-dg-chan-urging-evidence- based-approach-ecigs%0D
Goldenson N, I, Leventhal A, M, Stone M, D, McConnell R, S, y Barrington-Trimis J, L. 2017. Associations of Electronic Cigarette Nicotine Concentration With Subsequent Cigarette Smoking and Vaping Levels in Adolescents, JAMA Pediatrics 171(12) 1192–1199, https://doi,org/10,1001/ jamapediatrics,2017,3209
Hahn J, Monakhova Y, B, Hengen J, Kohl- Himmelseher M, Schüssler J, Hahn H, … Lachenmeier D, W. 2014. Electronic cigarettes: overview of chemical composition and exposure estimation, Tobacco Induced Diseases 12(1) 23, https://doi,org/10,1186/s12971-014-0023-6
Hoadley K, A, Yau C, Hinoue T, Wolf D, M, Lazar A, J, Drill E, … Laird P, W. 2018. Cell-of-Origin Patterns Dominate the Molecular Classification of 10000 Tumors from 33 Types of Cancer, Cell 173(2) 291–304,e6, https://doi,org/10,1016/ j,cell,2018,03,022
Hoffmann D, y Hoffmann I. 1998. Letters to the Editor - Tobacco smoke components, Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 18(1) 49–52, https:// doi,org/10,2478/cttr-2013-0668
Hua M, Omaiye E, E, Luo W, McWhirter K, J, Pankow J, F, y Talbot P. 2019. Identification of Cytotoxic Flavor Chemicals in Top-Selling Electronic Cigarette Refill Fluids, Scientific Reports 9(1) 2782, https://doi,org/10,1038/s41598-019-38978-w
Jefferson Fowles Michael Bates D, N. 2000. The Chemical Constituents in Cigarettes and Cigarette Smoke: Priorities for Harm Reduction. (E, K, S, C, Epidemiology and Toxicology Group Ed,). Porirua New Zealand, Retrieved from https://books,google,com,ec/ books/about/The_Chemical_Constituents_in_ Cigarettes,html?id=LJKYnQEACAAJ yredir_ esc=y
Kim H,-J, y Shin H,-S. 2013. Determination of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in replacement liquids of electronic cigarettes by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, Journal of Chromatography, A 1291 48–55, https:// doi,org/10,1016/j,chroma,2013,03,035
Lee A, S, Hart J, L, Walker K, L, Keith R, J, y Ridner S, L. 2018. Dual Users and Electronic Cigarette Only Users: Consumption and Characteristics, International Journal of Healthcare and Medical Sciences 4(6) 111–116,
Pankow J, F, Kim K, Luo W, y McWhirter K, J. 2018. Gas/Particle Partitioning Constants of Nicotine Selected Toxicants and Flavor Chemicals in Solutions of 50/50 Propylene Glycol/Glycerol As Used in Electronic Cigarettes, Chemical Research in Toxicology 31(9) 985–990, acs,chemrestox,8b00178 https://doi,org/10,1021/
Pisinger C. 2015. A systematic review of health effects of Electronic Cigarettes, Retrieved from https://www,who,int/ t oba c c o/ i ndust ry/ produc t _re gul a t i on/ BackgroundPapersENDS3_4November-,pdf
Pisinger C, y Døssing M. 2014. A systematic review of health effects of electronic cigarettes, Preventive Medicine 69 248–260, https://doi,org/10,1016/ j,ypmed,2014,10,009
Raymond B, H, Collette-Merrill K, Harrison R, G, Jarvis S, y Rasmussen R, J. 2018. The Nicotine Content of a Sample of E-cigarette Liquid Manufactured in the United States, Journal of Addiction Medicine 12(2) 127–131, https:// doi,org/10,1097/ADM,0000000000000376
Roemer E, Stabbert R, Rustemeier K, Veltel D, , Meisgen T, , Reininghaus W, … Podraza K, . 2004. Chemical composition cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of smoke from US commercial and reference cigarettes smoked under two sets of machine smoking conditions, Toxicology 195(1) 31–52, https://doi,org/10,1016/ j,tox,2003,08,006
Rustemeier K, Stabbert R, Haussmann H,-J, Roemer E, y Carmines E, . 2002. Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes, Part 2: Chemical composition of mainstream smoke, Food and Chemical Toxicology 40(1) 93–104, https:// doi,org/10,1016/S0278-6915(01)00085-0
Sassano M, F, Davis E, S, Keating J, E, Zorn B, T, Kochar T, K, Wolfgang M, C, … Tarran R. 2018. Evaluation of e-liquid toxicity using an open- source high-throughput screening assay, PLoS Biology 16(3) e2003904, https://doi,org/10,1371/ journal,pbio,2003904
Scott A, Lugg S, T, Aldridge K, Lewis K, E, Bowden A, Mahida R, Y, … Thickett D, R. 2018. Pro-inflammatory effects of e-cigarette vapour condensate on human alveolar macrophages, Thorax 73(12) 1161 LP-1169, https://doi,org/10,1136/ thoraxjnl-2018-211663
Simon S. 2015. American Cancer Society, Retrieved from https://www,cancer,org/latest-news/study- smoking-causes-almost-half-of-deaths-from-12- cancer-types,html
Talhout R, Schulz T, Florek E, van Benthem J, Wester P, y Opperhuizen A. 2011. Hazardous compounds in tobacco smoke, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 8(2) 613–628, https://doi,org/10,3390/ijerph8020613
Tierney P, A, Karpinski C, D, Brown J, E, Luo W, y Pankow J, F. 2016. Flavour chemicals in electronic cigarette fluids, Tobacco Control 25(e1) e10 LP-e15, https://doi,org/10,1136/ tobaccocontrol-2014-052175
Tommasi S, Caliri A, Caceres A, Moreno D, Li M, Chen Y, … Besaratinia A. 2019. Deregulation of Biologically Significant Genes and Associated Molecular Pathways in the Oral Epithelium of Electronic Cigarette Users, International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20(3) 738, https:// doi,org/10,3390/ijms20030738
Tsikrika S, Vakali S, Gennimata S, A, Palamidas A, Kaltsakas G, Koulouris N, y Gratziou C. 2014. Short term use of an e-cig: influence on clinical symptoms vital signs and eCO levels, Tobacco Induced Diseases, https://doi,org/10,1186/1617- 9625-12-S1-A30
U,S, Department of Health and Human Services. 2010. How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking- Attributable Disease, How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease: A Report of the Surgeon General, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US). Retrieved fromhttp://www ,ncbi ,nl m,nih,gov/ pubmed/21452462
Vardavas C, I, Anagnostopoulos N, Kougias M, Evangelopoulou V, Connolly G, N, y Behrakis P, K. 2012. Short-term pulmonary effects of using an electronic cigarette: impact on respiratory flow resistance impedance and exhaled nitric oxide, Chest 141(6) 1400–1406, https://doi,org/10,1378/ chest,11-2443
Varlet V, Farsalinos K, Augsburger M, Thomas A, y Etter J,-F. 2015. Toxicity assessment of refill liquids for electronic cigarettes, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12(5) 4796–4815, https://doi,org/10,3390/ ijerph120504796
WHO. 2019. Monographs on the identification of carcinogenic hazards to humans, Retrieved from https://monographs,iarc,fr/agents-classified-by- the-iarc/
Williams M, Villarreal A, Bozhilov K, Lin S, y Talbot P. 2013. Metal and silicate particles including nanoparticles are present in electronic cigarette cartomizer fluid and aerosol, PloS One 8(3) e57987, https://doi,org/10,1371/journal,pone,0057987