Participación de las respuestas inmunes en el control de la COVID-19
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Publicado:
May 6, 2022
Palabras clave:
COVID-19, SARS- CoV-2 respuesta inmune, protección
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Resumen
La COVID-19 es una enfermedad infecciosa que devino en pandemia en 2019 y es provocada por el coronavirus SARS- CoV-2. Esta sucinta revisión actualiza conocimientos acerca de la respuesta inmune del anfitrión ante el virus, dada su importancia en la resolución de la enfermedad y protección ante reinfecciones.
Una actividad concertada entre los distintos componentes de la respuesta inmune sería crucial para enfrentar la virosis, por lo cual los individuos deficientes tendrían mayor riesgo de desarrollar una enfermedad grave. La gravedad depende de múltiples factores, como estado de salud, sexo, etnia, edad, etc.
Si bien existe una gran variabilidad, la magnitud de la respuesta inmune parece perdurar por lo menos 5 meses. Entre sus componentes, los anticuerpos circulantes, al disminuir la carga viral, serían particularmente útiles en los comienzos de la infección, pero no regularían su gravedad, que depende fundamentalmente de los linfocitos T CD4+ y CD8+.
Aunque el índice de reinfección parece ser bajo, no se ha hallado ninguna correlación categórica entre la magnitud de la respuesta inmune y el grado de protección ante la COVID-19, tanto primaria como participaciónsecundaria. Esto sugeriría ser cauteloso ante la instancia de interpretar análisis clínicos y tomar decisiones sanitarias y sociales.
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1.
Pérez C. Participación de las respuestas inmunes en el control de la COVID-19. REMCB [Internet]. 6 de mayo de 2022 [citado 20 de abril de 2024];43(1). Disponible en: https://remcb-puce.edu.ec/remcb/article/view/918
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Crotty S, Felgner P, Davies H, Glidewell J, Villarreal L, Ahmed R. Cutting edge: long-term B cell memory in humans after smallpox vaccination. J Immunol. 2003 Nov 15;171(10):4969-73. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.10.4969. PMID: 14607890.
Crotty S, Ahmed R. Immunological memory in humans. Semin Immunol. 2004 Jun;16(3):197-203. doi: 10.1016/j.smim.2004.02.008. PMID: 15130504.
Crotty S. T Follicular Helper Cell Biology: A Decade of Discovery and Diseases. Immunity. 2019 May 21;50(5):1132-1148. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.04.011. PMID: 31117010; PMCID: PMC6532429.
Corbett KS, Flynn B, Foulds KE, Francica JR, Boyoglu-Barnum S, Werner AP et al. Evaluation of the mRNA-1273 Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in Nonhuman Primates. N Engl J Med. 2020 Oct 15;383(16):1544-1555. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2024671. Epub 2020 Jul 28. PMID: 32722908; PMCID: PMC7449230.
Corey L, Mascola JR, Fauci AS, Collins FS. A strategic approach to COVID-19 vaccine R&D. Science. 2020 May 29;368(6494):948-950. doi: 10.1126/science.abc5312. Epub 2020 May 11. PMID: 32393526.
Dan JM, Mateus J, Kato Y, Hastie KM, Yu ED, Faliti CE et al. Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection. Science. 2021 Feb 5;371(6529):eabf4063. doi: 10.1126/science.abf4063. Epub 2021 Jan 6. PMID: 33408181; PMCID: PMC7919858.
Del Valle DM, Kim-Schulze S, Huang HH, Beckmann ND, Nirenberg S, Wang B et al. An inflammatory cytokine signature predicts COVID-19 severity and survival. Nat Med. 2020 Oct;26(10):1636-1643. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-1051-9. Epub 2020 Aug 24. PMID: 32839624; PMCID: PMC7869028.
Hammarlund E, Lewis MW, Hansen SG, Strelow LI, Nelson JA, Sexton GJ et al. Duration of antiviral immunity after smallpox vaccination. Nat Med. 2003 Sep;9(9):1131-7. doi: 10.1038/nm917. Epub 2003 Aug 17. PMID: 12925846.
Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, Lofy KH, Wiesman J, Bruce H et al. Team. First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 5;382(10):929-936. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001191. Epub 2020 Jan 31. PMID: 32004427; PMCID: PMC7092802.
Krammer F. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development. Nature. 2020 Oct;586(7830):516-527. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2798-3. Epub 2020 Sep 23. PMID: 32967006.
Laing AG, Lorenc A, Del Molino Del Barrio I, Das A, Fish M, Monin L et al. A dynamic COVID-19 immune signature includes associations with poor prognosis. Nat Med. 2020 Oct;26(10):1623-1635. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-1038-6. Epub 2020 Aug 17. Erratum in: Nat Med. 2020 Sep 9; Erratum in: Nat Med. 2020 Dec;26(12):1951. PMID: 32807934.
Lecouturier J, Kelly MP, Graham F, Meyer C, Tang MY, Goffe Let al. Public understanding of COVID-19 antibody testing and test results: A qualitative study conducted in the U.K. early in the pandemic. Soc Sci Med. 2021 Mar;273:113778. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113778. Epub 2021 Feb 16. PMID: 33636445; PMCID: PMC7884253.
Masopust D, Soerens AG. Tissue-Resident T Cells and Other Resident Leukocytes. Annu Rev Immunol. 2019 Apr 26;37:521-546. doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042617-053214. Epub 2019 Feb 6. PMID: 30726153; PMCID: PMC7175802.
Mercado NB, Zahn R, Wegmann F, Loos C, Chandrashekar A, Yu J et al. Single-shot Ad26 vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques. Nature. 2020 Oct;586(7830):583-588. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2607-z. Epub 2020 Jul 30. Erratum in: Nature. 2021 Feb;590(7844):E25. PMID: 32731257; PMCID: PMC7581548.
Mojica-Crespo R, Morales-Crespo MM. Pandemia COVID-19, la nueva emergencia sanitaria de preocupación internacional: una revisión [Pandemic COVID-19, the new health emergency of international concern: A review]. Semergen. 2020 Aug;46 Suppl 1:65-77. Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.semerg.2020.05.010. Epub 2020 May 16. PMID: 32425491; PMCID: PMC7229959.
Pérez C. Hay ozono en nuestras células. Exactamente, 28, 38- 41, 2003.
Romero-Alvarez D, López-Cevallos DF, Torres I. Uninformative and unuseful: why it is necessary to actively challenge COVID-19 antibody testing postvaccination. Public Health. 2021 Aug 25;199:32-33. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.08.012. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34534887; PMCID: PMC8384579.
Rothe C, Schunk M, Sothmann P, Bretzel G, Froeschl G, Wallrauch C et al. Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany. N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 5;382(10):970-971. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2001468. Epub 2020 Jan 30. PMID: 32003551; PMCID: PMC7120970.
Rydyznski Moderbacher C, Ramirez SI, Dan JM, Grifoni A, Hastie KM, Weiskopf D et al. Antigen-Specific Adaptive Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Acute COVID-19 and Associations with Age and Disease Severity. Cell. 2020 Nov 12;183(4):996-1012.e19. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.038. Epub 2020 Sep 16. PMID: 33010815; PMCID: PMC7494270.
Sariol A, Perlman S. Lessons for COVID-19 Immunity from Other Coronavirus Infections. Immunity. 2020 Aug 18;53(2):248-263. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.07.005. Epub 2020 Jul 14. PMID: 32717182; PMCID: PMC7359787.
Singh N, Suthar B, Mehta A, Pandey A (2020) Immune Response Towards COVID-19: A Review on Host Body. J Infect Dis Diagn. 5.134. DOI: 10.35248/2576-389X.5.13.020
Stephens DS, McElrath MJ. COVID-19 and the Path to Immunity. JAMA. 2020 Oct 6;324(13):1279-1281. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.16656. PMID: 32915201.
Subbarao K. SARS-CoV-2: A New Song Recalls an Old Melody. Cell Host Microbe. 2020 May 13;27(5):692-694. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.04.019. PMID: 32407706; PMCID: PMC7219427.
Tan AT, Linster M, Tan CW, Le Bert N, Chia WN, Kunasegaran K et al. Early induction of functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells associates with rapid viral clearance and mild disease in COVID-19 patients. Cell Rep. 2021 Feb 9;34(6):108728. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108728. Epub 2021 Jan 21. PMID: 33516277; PMCID: PMC7826084.
Tillett RL, Sevinsky JR, Hartley PD, Kerwin H, Crawford N, Gorzalski A et al. Genomic evidence for reinfection with SARS-CoV-2: a case study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021 Jan;21(1):52-58. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30764-7. Epub 2020 Oct 12. PMID: 33058797; PMCID: PMC7550103.
Vitale J, Mumoli N, Clerici P, De Paschale M, Evangelista I, Cei M et al. Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection 1 Year After Primary Infection in a Population in Lombardy, Italy. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 May 28:e212959. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.2959. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34048531; PMCID: PMC8164145.
Weinreich DM, Sivapalasingam S, Norton T, Ali S, Gao H, Bhore R et al. Trial Investigators. REGN-COV2, a Neutralizing Antibody Cocktail, in Outpatients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021 Jan 21;384(3):238-251. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2035002. Epub 2020 Dec 17. PMID: 33332778; PMCID: PMC7781102.
World Health Organization. COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update Edition 59, published 28 September 2021.
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