Interacción de factores ambientales y genéticos asociados el desarrollo del cáncer de ovario
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El cáncer de ovario es la neoplasia maligna ginecológica más letal debido a su asintomatología y etapa avanzada de diagnóstico. La tasa de incidencia a nivel mundial es de 6,3 por cada 100.000 mujeres, presentando las tasas más altas en zonas geográficas industrializadas como Europa (10,1), América del Norte (8,7) y Oceanía (7,6). Entre los factores de riesgo asociados con el desarrollo de este cáncer se encuentran: edad avanzada, niveles descontrolados de carga hormonal, obesidad, antecedentes familiares de cáncer, exposición a agentes carcinogénicos, presencia de agentes patógenos y mutaciones genéticas. Con respecto al perfil genético, la presencia de mutaciones en los diferentes biomarcadores moleculares (supresores de tumores, oncogenes, genes de apoptosis y reparadores del ADN) aumenta el riesgo de desarrollar cáncer de ovario. Entre los genes más representativos están: BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53, RAD51 y VDR. Además, el correcto tratamiento de esta enfermedad dependerá del estadio tumoral, edad, capacidad de absorción de fármacos, histopatología, carga hormonal y perfil genético. Entre los tratamientos más aplicados se encuentra la cirugía, los medicamentos homeopáticos; la aplicación de fármacos, la aplicación de micro ARNs y de inhibidores multicinasas. En conclusión, el desarrollo del cáncer (ovario) dependerá de la interacción de cuatro variables relevantes: (1) el tiempo y (2) la dosis de exposición a los carcinógenos, (3) la edad avanzada, y (4) la predisposición genética. Es decir, los factores ambientales asociados con los factores genéticos predisponen al desarrollo de cáncer.
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